Sains Malaysiana 49(7)(2020): 1697-1712

http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2020-4907-20

Gold Nanoparticles Biosynthesized using Lignosus rhinocerotis Extracts: Comparative Evaluation of Biostatic and Cytotoxicity Effects

(Nanozarah Emas Biosintesis menggunakan Ekstrak Lignosus rhinocerotis: Penilaian Perbandingan Kesan Biostatik dan Kesitotoksikan)

AHMAD YASSER HAMDI NOR AZLAN^1,2, HALIZA KATAS¹*, NUR QAISARA JALLUDDIN¹ & MOHD FAUZI MH BUSRA³

¹Centre for Drug Delivery Research, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, 50300 Kuala Lumpur, Federal Territory, Malaysia

²Faculty of Pharmacy and Health Sciences^, Universiti Kuala Lumpur (Royal College of Medicine Perak), 3, Jalan Greentown, 30450 Ipoh, Perak Darul Ridzuan, Malaysia

³Tissue Engineering Centre, UKM Medical Centre, 56000 Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Federal Territory, Malaysia

Received: 18 January 2020/Accepted: 3 March 2020

ABSTRACT

Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) are a unique class of nanomaterials applied in biomedical applications. Biological synthesis or biosynthesis of AuNPs offers advantages including simple and cost-effective method as well as non-toxic to human, making it superior to chemical synthesis. In this study, comparative evaluation was conducted for antimicrobial and cytotoxicity effects of chemically synthesized (Chem-AuNPs) and biosynthesized AuNPs (Bio-AuNPs). Chem- and Bio-AuNPs were produced using sodium citrate and L. rhinocerotis extracts, respectively. Different methods namely hot and cold-water extraction (HWE and CWE, respectively) were used to extract L. rhinocerotis sclerotium, a medicinal mushroom. Both types of nanoparticles were stabilized using chitosan (CS) and characterized for their physical characteristics, followed by determination of antibacterial and cytotoxicity effects in vitro. Formation of AuNPs exhibited surface plasmon resonance (SPR) band at 465-564 nm and 523-544 nm for Chem-AuNPs and Bio-AuNPs, respectively, as determined by UV-vis spectroscopy. CS-stabilized AuNPs had larger size of particles than non-stabilized ones, ranging from 200 to 500 nm. Both Chem- and Bio-AuNPs showed biostatic activity against Gram-positive bacteria (Bacillus sp. and Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram-negative bacteria (Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli). The cytotoxicity assay for 24 h showed higher cell viability for Bio-AuNPs than Chem-AuNPs, indicating relatively less toxicity of Bio-AuNPs. In conclusion, Bio-AuNPs using the mushroom extracts and CS provide opportunities for developing stable, safer, and eco-friendly nanoparticles with effective antibacterial properties for clinical applications.

Keywords: Antibacterial effect; cytotoxicity; green synthesis; metal nanoparticles; nanocomposites

ABSTRAK

Nanozarah emas (AuNPs) merupakan satu kelas bahan nano yang unik, digunakan dalam aplikasi bioperubatan. Sintesis secara biologi atau biosintesis AuNPs menawarkan kelebihan termasuk kaedah sintesis yang mudah dan kos-efektif serta tidak bertoksik kepada manusia, menjadikan kaedah ini lebih unggul berbanding sintesis kimia. Dalam kajian ini, penilaian secara perbandingan telah dilakukan untuk kesan antimikrob dan kesitotoksikan terhadap AuNPs yang dihasilkan secara kimia (Chem-AuNPs) dan biologi (Bio-AuNPs). Chem- dan Bio-AuNPs dihasilkan masing-masing menggunakan natrium sitrat dan ekstrak L. rhinocerotis. Kaedah berbeza iaitu pengekstrakan air panas dan sejuk (masing-masing diringkaskan sebagai HWE dan CWE) telah digunakan untuk mengekstrak sklerotium L. rhinocerotis iaitu sejenis cendawan bernilai perubatan. Kedua-dua jenis nanozarah ini telah distabilkan menggunakan kitosan (CS) dan ditentukan ciri-ciri fizikal nanozarah yang terhasil, diikuti dengan penentuan kesan antibakteria dan kesitotoksikan secara in vitro. Pembentukan AuNPs memperlihatkan jalur resonans plasmon permukaan (SPR) pada 465-564 nm dan 523-544 nm, masing-masing untuk Chem- dan Bio-AuNPs yang ditentukan menggunakan spektroskopi UV. AuNPs yang distabilkan oleh CS mempunyai saiz zarah yang lebih besar berbanding AuNPs yang tidak distabilkan, dengan saiz zarah antara 200 hingga 500 nm. Kedua-dua Chem- dan Bio-AuNPs menunjukkan kesan biostatik terhadap bakteria gram-positif (Bacillus sp. dan Staphylococcus aureus) dan bakteria gram-negatif (Pseudomonas aeruginosa dan Escherichia coli). Ujian kesitotoksikan selama 24 jam menunjukkan daya kehidupan sel yang lebih tinggi untuk Bio-AuNPs berbanding Chem-AuNPs, membuktikan Bio-AuNPs adalah kurang toksik secara relatif. Kesimpulannya, Bio-AuNPs yang dihasilkan menggunakan ekstrak cendawan dan CS menyediakan peluang untuk membangunkan nanozarah yang stabil, lebih selamat dan mesra alam dengan sifat antibakteria yang berkesan untuk aplikasi klinikal.

Kata kunci: Kerintangan antibiotik; kesitotoksikan; nanokomposit; nanozarah logam; sintesis hijau

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*Corresponding author; email: haliza.katas@ukm.edu.my