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Peaceful Peaceful Coexistence in the Shade of Islamic Civilization: An Analytical Study

Abstract

Peaceful coexistence is a life necessity that people are indispensable at any time and place and the criterion of Islam in peace or war is not faith or disbelief, nor agreement or disagreement, but rather peaceful coexistence between others and Muslims, and respect for human’s humanity. The intermarriage civilization between Islamic civilization and other civilizations bears witness to the broadness of the horizon and the depth of Muslims’ understanding of Islam, which made them open a conscious and comprehensible openness to previous civilizational heritage, which indicates peaceful coexistence and acceptance and respect of the other under the Islamic civilization. This research aims to clarify the concept of peaceful coexistence and Islamic civilization. The research also addresses the importance of peaceful coexistence between different religions. The paper deals with evidence of peaceful coexistence in the Holy Qur’an, the Sunnah of the Prophet and the biography of the righteous predecessors. The research also examines the foundations of peaceful coexistence in Islam. The research focuses by highlighting vivid examples of peaceful coexistence under Islamic civilization. Since this research relates to peaceful coexistence under Islamic civilization, the appropriate approach is to rely on the inductive and analytical approach. The research concluded with a conclusion that clarifies the most important findings and recommendations recommended by the researcher.

Keywords: ِPeaceful; coexistence; Islam;

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Peaceful Coexistence in Multi – religious Society: Lessons from Islamic Civilization

Abstract

Peaceful co-existence is considered as an important pillar of a multi-cultural society, and an essential factor for the development of communities. The study focuses on clarifying the concept of peaceful coexistence, and its principles in multi-cultural society in the light of Islamic civilization. The following Qur’anic verse clearly point outs that, there should not be any discrimination based on family, faith, colour, race or religion. ‘‘O mankind, we created you all from a male and a female, and made you into nations and tribes so that you may know one another’’ (Sura Hujarath: 13). Islam means peace. Islamic teachings hold many injunctions for settling discriminations between people and nations which aims at establishing peace. Islamic civilization shows that Muslims and other people of different faiths co-existed in peace throughout the history. The carter of Madinah, declared by prophet Muhammed (PBUH) is the best example which was undertaken to establish peaceful coexistence within different beliefs. Unfortunately, establishing peaceful coexistence has now become a challenging task in this world. Several countries have been suffering from inter and intra conflict among religions and faiths. The paper aims to present the view of Islam towards peaceful coexistence in multi religious society by citing some examples and lessons from the Islamic civilization.

Keywords: ِPeaceful; coexistence; Islam;

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Cooperative Conflict Resolution: A Comparative Review on Abrahamic Religions

Abstract

Cooperative conflict resolution encourages the active collaboration of parties in conflict toward the development of creative solutions that each can affirm and support. Cooperative conflict resolution becomes a shared enterprise, where former adversaries begin to see each other as partners and recognise multiple possibilities for the transformation of the situation. They pay respectful attention to the religious and cultural loyalties of the other side, seeing them as possibly contributing to ways of seeking solutions rather than disrespecting them because they are different. This transparent strategy requires selfcritical honesty and is non-judgemental. As such, cooperative conflict resolution involves risk taking and cultural and spiritual awareness. To truly engage in this kind of initiative, participants must be willing to listen carefull y, understand the perspectives of their adversaries, and suspend judgement, even though they may personally disagree. Thus, this paper aims to propose a comparative review on three main Abrahamic religions namely Jews, Christian and Islam regarding their approach and strategy to promoting cooperative conflict resolution. The findings from this study will be valuable to peace-building entities who work across lines of religious, cultural and ethnic difference to embrace peaceful ecosystem of coexistence. In conclusion, interfaith cooperative is an effective means by which to foster conflict resolution in this deeply faithful nation.

Keywords: Coorperative; conflict resolution; Abrahamic religions; peaceful coexistence

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The Role of Religion In Peacebuilding: The Archipelago’s Experience.

Abstract

Indonesia is a very plural and multicultural nation. The diversity is not only in religious aspects, but also in ethnicity, culture and language. Although diverse and different in all respects, but Indonesian people are always in peace, harmony, mutual respect for differences and diversity. The main factor of this achievement is due to the existence of a religion that is shared by the majority of Indonesian people. Religion becomes the main path in achieving unity and harmony. Religion has become the reason for an existence (raison d’etre), a connector, and a binding for all elements of society to always live in harmony and peace. Therefore, religion has become the main capital, basic foundation and determinant for the creation of solidarity, peace and harmony in Archipelago. Without religion it is impossible for unity and peace to be built. This article will explain and analyse the role of religion in building unity and peace for Indonesia by looking at the facts of the past and present realities. This article also serves as a refutation of the conclusion that religion is a source of conflict, chaos and roots of radicalism. This type of research is a qualitative using a historical-phenomenological approach and philosophical hermeneutic analysis.

Keywords: Religion, diversity; peacebuilding; harmony; archipelago

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The Value of Character Education in the Successful Leadership of Sultan Muhammad Al-Fatih

Abstract

The success of Sultan Muhammad Al-Fateh to conquer Constantinople has succeeded in attaining a prestige in the history of the development of Islam. Despite the greatness of his name and his success in conquering Constantinople, there are precious values that can be seen in the context of our education today. Sulṭān Muhammad was subject to the rules of education that are directly monitored by famous scholars of his day. He studied the Quran, Hadith, fiqh, and academic sciences at that time such as mathematics, astronomy, history, military educati on, in theory and practical. One of the awards given by Allah to the Sultan was in the process of his education, he was guided by a number of great scholars who existed in his time. Among the most important individuals were Shaykh Syamsuddin and Mulla Alkurani. They were religious experts in the early days of the reign of Uthmānĩ. Sulṭān was greatly affected by the education and guidance of his teachers. The impact of education was evident in the orientation of civilization, politics and military under his administration. That is the uniqueness and character of Islamic education and civilization based on faith. According to history, Muhammad Al-Fateh was a person who always worships Allah, always fasts, never late for prayers in congregation, reciting al-Quran, performing the Tahajjud prayer in the middle of the night before going to the battlefield on the next day. This is an important lesson for our current education world. Today’s education needs to focus on the ultimate goal of getting closer to Allah. However, it does not mean we do not have to learn other things. Spiritual quantities should occupy the most important position. This study was produced by obtaining information through document analysis. The analysis of the document has been divided into two sources, namely primary and secondary sources. Through document analysis, information about the character education of Sultan Muhammad Al-Fateh can be analyzed from various aspects. Researcher also used comparative methods in the study. Comparison method is an approach that looks at the similarities or differences in the theory of assessment to see the theoretical perspective in various aspects. The data obtained were analysed to produce a good research. Hence, the result showed that the main difference between the character of Muhammad Al- Fateh and other figures was his personality and education value which manifest the various characters and attributes that rarely accumulate from one person. Get closer to Allah, appreciate knowledge, respect the teachers, not to be arrogant and fair. With the value of character education and noble values in leading to the success of Sultan Muhammad Al-Fateh in the conquest of Constantinople City as in the hadith of the Prophet s.a.w, “Verily you shall conquer Constantinople. What a wonderful leader will he be, and what a wonderful army will that army be!” (Narrated by Ahmad).

Keywords: Value; education; character; Sultan Muhammad Al-Fatih; success.

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The Role of All Ceylon Jamiyyathul Ulama (ACJU) and National Shoora Council (NSC) in establishing Peaceful Co-existence in Sri Lanka.

Abstract

Sri Lanka is a multi-religious, multi-ethnic, multicultural country. The Sinhalese form the majority ethnic group of Sri Lanka meanwhile Hindus, Muslims, and Christians are the minorities respectively. There are many historical records that prove that the Muslims in Sri Lanka had a long history of peaceful co-existence with other ethnic groups. However, after the end of the civil war in 2009, hostility against Muslims has increased in various forms. Therefore, sustainable peaceful co-existence had become a challenge in a multi-religious society like Sri Lanka. Hence, it is important to consider the matter of establishing peaceful co- existence in Sri Lanka very important. In this context, this paper aimed to examine the role of ACJU and NSC in building the peaceful co-existence in Sri Lanka. This study adopted the phenomenological method, and the data collection was based on individual interviews, document analysis, and observations.

Keywords: Peaceful Co-existence; All Ceylon Jamiyyathul Ulama (ACJU); National Shoora Council (NSC); Sri Lanka; multi-religious society

Civilization © 2020 Published by HADHARI-UKM

Hassan Al Banna’s Creative Mind

Abstract

Many Islamic scholars regard Hassan Al Banna as the Muslim figure in the 20th century. Despite his relatively short life span of approximately 42 years, he has contributed greatly to Islamic development and some of his contributions remained significant to this day. This study will focus on Hassan Al Banna’s background, the meaning and importance of creativity, and Hassan Al Banna’s creative ideas. This study will highlight the factors that influence Hassan Al Banna’s creativity. In conclusion, this study will analyse and make connections between factors that influence creativity and the education system in Malaysia.

Keywords: Creative Mind; Hassan Al Banna; personality; creative Ideas; family

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Kiai as a Peaceful Agent: The Role of Kiai Bata-bata to Decrease Social Violence in Sampang, Madura

Abstract

Madurese people is reputed as a harsh society with many acts of violence. Combating with life and death (carok) is prevalent in Madura as a solution for a personal, family, or social conflict, such as murder based on national political interest and local political interest in 2019 in Sampang, Madura. This article examines how the kiai in Madura establish their role in societies. To answer this question, this article is written based on social capital theory by Bourdieu and cultural broker by Gettz. The finding is the kiai has its significant social capital to be a peaceful agent in Madurese community.

Keywords: Peaceful agent; social capital; kiai; Madura; society

Civilization © 2020 Published by HADHARI-UKM

The Concept of City in Islamic Civilization

Abstract

City is the major unit of settlement of societies that have achieved the degree of organization that we describe as a civilization. The word “city” and “civilization” indeed share the same Latin root for city civitas. The emergence of Islam as a greatest religion began from a city. As many scholars agreed that Islam is seen as an urban religion and it is widely accepted that the most of Islam’s teaching is best practised in urban setting. The objective of the study is to identify the concepts of Islamic cities that played decisive roles in ordering and shaping the plan and form of the Muslim city based on scholars opinions. The method used in this study is called “induction”, a method of logical reasoning that obtains or discovers general laws from particular facts.

Keywords: Islamic city; Islamic civilization

Civilization © 2020 Published by HADHARI-UKM

Peaceful Coexistence in Multi – religious Society: Lessons from Islamic Civilization

Abstract

Sri Lanka is a multi-religious, multi-ethnic, multicultural country. The Sinhalese form the majority ethnic group of Sri Lanka meanwhile Hindus, Muslims, and Christians are the minorities respectively. There are many historical records that prove that the Muslims in Sri Lanka had a long history of peaceful co-existence with other ethnic groups. However, after the end of the civil war in 2009, hostility against Muslims has increased in various forms. Therefore, sustainable peaceful co-existence had become a challenge in a multi-religious society like Sri Lanka. Hence, it is important to consider the matter of establishing peaceful co- existence in Sri Lanka very important. In this context, this paper aimed to examine the role of ACJU and NSC in building the peaceful co-existence in Sri Lanka. This study adopted the phenomenological method, and the data collection was based on individual interviews, document analysis, and observations.

Keywords: Peaceful Co-existence; All Ceylon Jamiyyathul Ulama (ACJU); National Shoora Council (NSC); Sri Lanka; multi-religious society

Civilization © 2020 Published by HADHARI-UKM

 The School Curriculum of Islam in Promoting Harmony and Coexistence in Muslim Minority Context: The Case of Sri Lanka

Abstract

Sri Lanka is a pluralistic country where Muslims constitute as a minority community. In a free educational system from primary to collegiate level in Sri Lanka, the school students are being taught their religion as a subject from the primary till they sit for it as one of core subjects of the G.C.E (O/L) examination. The students follow the curriculum and textbooks developed by National Institute of Education (NIE) and Ministry of Education (MoE) respectively. There is a growing concern among peace activists on peace and conflict reconciliation through the education. Islam as one of the major world religions emphasizes social harmony and ethnic cohesion. Moreover, it is vital to incorporate Islamic conceptions on peace, harmony and co – existence among Muslim students to nature them to live in Sri Lankan multi religious and ethnic context. This paper aims to analyse at what extent the above concepts are addressed and incorporated in secondary school curricula (Grades 6 to 11) in Sri Lanka. The study employs qualitative approach and uses a thematic content analysis of the secondary school curricula and textbooks of Islam. It is found that syllabi and the textbooks for Islam adequately address the conceptions such as giving priorities to fellow human; caring of them; respecting other rights; neutral thinking; accepting & respecting others’ opinions; tolerance and accepting every community has its own cultural aspects; knowledge of other religions etc. As learning outcomes, it is expected to strengthen ethnic harmony through understanding of Islamic perspectives in relation to other religious observances, and to promote the Islami c reconciliation of religious and social reconciliation. However, it is recommended to create appropriate learning environment along with real life experience to enable the learners’ interaction with others, and to have extra and co-curricular activities within curriculum in order to enhance the harmony and peaceful coexistence among students.

Keywords: Co-existence; social harmony; Islamic education; school Curricula; Muslims of Sri Lanka

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 Model of Learning Arabic Multi-Literacy on local Wisdom and Islamic Moderation

Abstract

This study aims to develop a multi-literation Arabic learning model based on local wisdom and Islamic moderation in public universities that is valid, effective, efficient, and practical so that it can be used as an alternative to other learning models applied by Arabic lecturers. This study uses a qualitative approach with the pattern “the dominant-less dominant design” and research and development (R&D) research design. The research was conducted in two stages: (1) a preliminary study (exploratory study), and (2) development of a model (Action Research. Collecting data through interviews, observations, documentation, questionnaires (tests), and FGD (focus group discussion). The results showed: 1) Arabic language learning is still too behavioristic and merely produces mechanistic language skills, so students have not been able to communicate significantly in different cultural contexts, 2) Learning Arabic in higher education should have led to the development of student abilities to develop communication skills independently by using multiple sources and media, based on that multi-literation Arabic learning must enable students to carry out the process of intensification and extensification of their ability to communicate using Arabic. 3) multi-literation Arabic learning places students in the context of real life must be accompanied by an understanding and awareness of the importance of the integration of Indonesian local wisdom, so students can still wisely compare the two values of Arab-Indonesian culture, 4) Components and syntax of multi-literation Arabic learning models based on local wisdom and Islamic moderation refer to empirical and theoretical findings, namely objectives, methods, materials and learning evaluation.

Keywords: Multiliteration; local wisdom; ethnopedagogy; intercultural

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 Economic Development and Growth with Justice: Maqasid al-Shari’ah Perspective

Abstract

Despite its many imperfections, peaceful coexistence has already been proven in the long history of Islamic Civilisation between different cultures, different classes of societies, different political leanings, various socioeconomic backgrounds, different religions and different worldviews. It has given rise to many great achievements unparalleled in human history. The prime mover that enabled this peaceful coexistence is justice (‘adl) and striving for justice. The issue is how prevalent is the concept of justice in the Islamic worldview that governs the economic sphere of the Muslim Civilisation, as espoused by its past luminaries and contemporary scholars. This article therefore aims to explore the various concepts related to justice such as concept of social justice (al-‘adalat al-ijtima’iyyah), and concept of growth with justice within the economic development pursuit. The conceptual framework developed herein would then be analysed in terms of its relationship with policy and prioritisation goals as set out by maqasid al-shari’ah. Set against a natural capital milieu within the contemporary Muslim World, the conceptual framework acting as a normative prognosis help explains the prevailing economic achievements and other economic conditions including the economic shortcomings of certain Muslimmajority states despite their natural resource abundance. It is within this context that the Malaysian economic development experience may offer a glimpse of what the Muslim World could learn from its contemporary civilisation.

Keywords: Economic Development; Maqasid al-Shari’ah; economic growth; Justice; resource curse

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 Islamic Civilization through Waqf Institutions in Ottoman Empire Between 15th until 17th Century

Abstract

Waqf institution was a very significant building in the Islamic civilization developed by the Ottoman Empire around Eastern Europe during its rule in the 15th century until the end of the 17th century. The spread of waqf practices at that time provided many benefits and good deeds to the society including for non-Muslims. Through this institution, the Ottoman Empire gradually brought Islamic civilization into many parts of Eastern Europe. Therefore, this research focuses on the role and contribution of the waqf institutions in expanding Islamic civilization during the Ottoman Empire over the region from the 15th century to the 17th century. . This study was conducted using qualitative methods in the form of historical research while data collection methods used the method of analysis of documents from various primary and secondary sources as well as using interview method to strengthen the data obtained. The results show that the Ottoman Empire not only bring Islamic civilization but spreading the Ottoman civilization as well. There is no doubt that through this institution, there was a mixing of culture occurred led to the emergence of new culture in the region. In addition, the study found that the contribution of the waqf institutions covered various aspects such as economic, socio-cultural, educational, religious and humanitarian. In conclusion, the construction of waqf institutions had a positive impact on the society. The government not only expanded their power by conquering new territories but also wanted to spread the Islamic civilization and provide welfare to the people.

Keywords: Islamic civilization; Ottoman Empire; waqf institution; Balkan; Eastern Europe

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 Classification of Knowledge in Islamic Civilization: From al-Ghazālī to al- Faṭānī

Abstract

Intellectual discourse on classification of knowledge is a sub -diverse topic on the concept of epistemology. In Islamic tradition, the philosophy of epistemology has its own uniqueness and landmark in historical perspective compare to other civilization. This study attempts to understand the concept of classification of knowledge based on the perspective of Abu Ḥāmid Muḥammad (later mentioned as al-Ghazālī) (d. 1111CE) and Aḥmad bin Muḥammad Zayn (later mentioned as al-Faṭānī) (d. 1908CE). To relate the purpose of knowledge towards the Islamic civilization, the study will identify the continuation of the idea on the classification of knowledge in a historical perspective. Besides, the comparison is to understand the connection between the classical understandings in the Middle East to the contemporary in the Malay Archipelago. The findings on al-Ghazālī based on the primary and secondary resources has found that the general classification was divided into two major classifications which are ‘il m mu’āmalah and ‘ilm mukāshafah. Moreover, the concept on al-Faṭānī’s classification was understand through his work entitled Fatāwā al-Faṭāniyyah which discussed on 107 fatwas. Based on the analysis throughout the works, al-Faṭānī is expected to follow the traditional classification of knowledge. This study is important to understand the knowledge as the fundamental and essential aspect of Islamic civilization and its relevance to the contemporary’s knowledge revivication.

Keywords: ‘ilm, knowledge; science; Islamic civilization; al-Ghazālī; al-Faṭānī; education

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 Historical Anecdotes on The Muslim and Christian Initiatives on Inter- Religious Harmony

Abstract

This paper aims to give an overview some historical anecdotes regarding Muslim and Christian initiatives on the realization of interfaith harmony as it crucial for global peace and national stability. The two most popular Abrahamic religions, Islam and Christianity, accounts for more than half of the two world population and the majority of intra and inter faith is traced from the two religions. This signifies the important to explore the initiatives of both religions on promoting peaceful coexistence throughout the history. The role for peace building process had been initiated by Muslims since the caliphate of Umar al-Khattab and this continuously been practiced with the role played by Said Nursi, the most influential Muslim thinkers of the 20th century. The methodology used in this conceptual study is the critical analysis of literature surveyed on the history of peaceful coexistence of Muslim and non-Muslim society. There have been numerous initiatives from Muslims and Christians to set examples in the history of fostering peaceful coexistence. Thus, the focal study of discussion of this paper would be on the history of the spirit of La Convivencia in Andalusia of Spain, the spirit of living together in Sicilian Italy, open letter of A Common Word between Us and You as well as Nostra Aetate, the most important turning points in the history of Catholic-Muslim relations. These findings are deemed necessary for the sustainable framework for enhancing inter-religious harmony in the Malaysian context of plural society.

Keywords:  Historical anecdotes; inter-religious harmony; peaceful coexistence; La Convivencia; Nostra Aetate; plural society

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 A Study on Peaceful Coexistence in the View of Islam and Buddhism Harmony

Abstract

“O mankind, we created you all from a male and a female, and made you into nations and tribes so that you may know one another…” , “Hatred is never appeased by hatred. Hatred is only appeased by Love (or, non-enmity). This is an eternal law.” This two religious verses clearly discuss that there should not be any discrimination based on race or religion. Like all of the major world religions, at its core, Islam is a religion of peace. The word Islam itse lf refers to peace. Islamic teachings contain basic values for settling disputes among diverse groups of people belonging to different religions, tribes, ethnicities, races, languages, colours, nationalities etc. with the aim of establishing peaceful coexistence. Similarly, the fundamental goal of Buddhism is peace, not only peace in this world but peace in all worlds. The Buddhist teachings are most clearly associated with non-violence and the principle of Maitrī (Sanskrit; Pali: mettā) means loving-kindness, friendliness and active interest in others. There are lots of Buddhist historical evidences indicate the importance of peaceful coexistence among people. On the other hand, Islamic history teaches that in Madina (first Islamic State) Muslims and non-Muslims co-existed in peace. The Charter of Medina, declared by the Prophet Muhammad (SAW) in 622 A.D., is the best example to establish peaceful coexistence with different faiths and beliefs. In the past believers of this two religions are co-existed in peace and lived together for long period. Unfortunately, establishing peaceful coexistence has now become a challenge in the countries where Buddhist and Muslims live as equal citizens. Most of this countries have been suffering from ethnic and religious conflict and racial unrest like Sri Lanka and Myanmar etc… Hence, the review of Islamic and Buddhist attitude towards coexistence is considered significant. Within this context, the paper focuses on exploring the view of Islam and Buddhism towards the peaceful coexistence for resolving religious conflicts and ethnic unrest in places where Muslims and Buddhists live together. The methodology used for this theoretical review is the critical analysis of the literature studied about both the theory of Islam and Buddhism concerning peaceful coexistence and its historical practice. The study concludes that both religions share a similar scope for peaceful coexistence and declare freedom as a right to be granted to everyone. Both religions prioritize the social interest as the main frame of reference when discussing the peaceful coexistence.

Keywords: Islam; Buddhism; peaceful coexistence; religious conflict 

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 The Effect of Experience on the Relationship between Attitude and Perception with Behaviour of Religious Tolerance among Youths in Malaysia

Abstract

This study aims to investigate the moderating effects on the relationship between the attitudes and perceptions of youth religious tolerance behaviour. Typically experience affects perceptions and attitudes, and attitudes and perceptions are important components in studying the individual behaviour. A total of 500 respondents were randomly selected for this study consisted of youth aged between 15 to 24 years of ethnic Malays, Chinese and Indians. The instrument used was a questionnaire socio-religious tolerance and data were analysed using SPSS 22.0 and AMOS 24.0. The results showed that the experience is not a significant moderator of the relation between perception and behaviour, attitude and religious tolerance behaviour. The implications of this study showed that although the experience is an important factor in behaviour, but for the youth experience in religious tolerance is still less than the older people experience. So, the experience factor does not affect the youth.

Keywords: Attitudes; perceptions; behaviours; experience; religious tolerance

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 Body-Snatching of the Deceased: Narrative of Muslim Converts in Malaysian Pluralistic Society

Abstract

Legal disputes regarding the determination of the deceased’s religious status is a highly sensitive issue in Malaysia’s pluralistic society. This contentious issue, coined as ‘body- snatching’, has sparked intense public and academic debate and criticism, particularly in the way it is handled by the relevant authorities, alongside with the perception of non -Muslims against the ascending power of Islamic authorities in the public sphere. Nevertheless, the perspective of Muslim converts on this issue is underresearched as larger scholarly works focus more on other legal implications of religious conversion such as marriage, custodial and religious rights. Therefore, this article intends to discuss the legal discourse and the narratives of Muslim converts related to the determination of the deceased’s religious status. This research conducted in-depth interviews with 9 Muslim converts covering broad themes on the legal implications of conversion to Islam, including the issue of determination of the deceased’s religious status. This research found that Muslim participants were aware that there are many reasons and motivations that lead to this delicate issue, and can cause damage to social cohesion. Other issues such as the concealment of their faith from their families, unwillingness to register their faith and new identity at the relevant authorities, intervention by relatives and NGOs, and media provocation also serve to fan the flames of this matter into something of more serious concern. The participants also expressed that tolerance between disputing parties and engagement from the relevant religious bodies are vital to resolving this issue to maintain the peaceful coexistence of the pluralistic society in Malaysia.

Keywords: Muslim converts; religious freedom; freedom of religion; religious conversion; peaceful coexistence

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                                                         Abstract

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How do Malaysian Chinese Perceive Islam and Muslims?

Abstract

In Malaysia, generally, Chinese people mixed well with the Malay Muslims since pre and post- independence until today. However, we do not know how do the Chinese people perceive Islam and Muslims in a real sense? To what extend these perception lead to Islamophobia among Malaysian Chinese? To find the answers to these fundamental queries, we met Chinese people through 3 series of Focus Group Discussion (FGD) comprising of two subgroups (Muslim Chinese and non-Muslim Chinese) in selected Chinese majority area – Kajang, Ipoh and Penang to get their original opinions of Chinese people about Islam. Our thematic and factor analyses indicated that there are 4 main themes surrounding perceptions of Chinese towards Islam: Incompatible Islam-Chinese Cultures, Nefarious-backward Islam, Rigidity-Difficult Islam, and Goodness Islam. Most non-Muslim Chineses score high on the first three factors and lowest on the fourth factor. On the other hand, Muslim Chinese scored highest on Goodness of Islam and lowest on the three negative factors. However, the mean scores of total phobia based on the three negative perception are low. Meanwhile, correlation analyses indicated that degree of relationship between all three negative perception with level of phobia is rather low (r=0.288). These findings suggest that Islamophobia in a real sense does not exist among Malaysian Chinese samples. These are more of misconceptions and misunderstanding about Islam, not so much of Islamophobia. Implications of this study are on overcoming misconception and misunderstanding of Islam are discussed. 

Keywords: Islamophobia; perception towards Islam; Chinese people in Malaysia   

© 2020 Published by HADHARI-UKM.

Peaceful Coexistence in a Multi-Religious Society: Perspectives from the Millennial Generation

Abstract

Peaceful coexistence between religions in this era is both an individual and social necessity. It is especially important given the interconnectedness of today’s world in various areas such as politics, economics, society and culture. Isolation or the state being silo is not conducive to any progress and development. In this context, the importance of research in the field of peaceful coexistence between Muslims and Christians is highlighted. The writings of this article focus on peaceful coexistence based from a service learning project conducted by a group of first and second year students from a national public university. These students are examples of millennial generation involved in community work. Service learning is an educational approach that combines learning objectives with community service to provide practical, progressive learning experiences while meeting society needs. Based from a qualitative methodological approach, the analysis of this article is focused primarily on the perspectives shared by the millennials group of students on how they interpret and relate to peaceful coexistence in a multi-religious society. 

Keywords: Peaceful coexistence; multi-religious society; service learning; millennial; community work  

© 2020 Published by HADHARI-UKM.

A Buddhist Perspective of Interreligious Dialogue

Abstract

The literature analysing Muslim and Christian perspective towards interreligious dialogue is now quite extensive. When it comes to Buddhist perspective towards interreligious dialogue, however, the scholarship lags far behind. A few pieces can be found on such topics as ‘Buddhism and other religion’ or ‘Buddhism and toleration’ but the discourse doesn’t stress too much on interreligious dialogue. Thus, this article aims to identify the Buddhist perspective of interreligious dialogue. The study method is qualitative by emphasizing content analysis by focusing on Buddhist scripture mainly from Mahayana and Theravada tradition. Studies have found the perspective was based on the fundamental of selflessness, dependent origination, and the double negation of emptiness which led into tolerance and inclusivism. Studies suggests the understanding of each fundamental to encourage Buddhists and scholars to produce comprehensive interreligious dialogue. 

Keywords: Buddhism; interreligious dialogue; dialogue; interfaith relation; Buddhist perspective  

© 2020 Published by HADHARI-UKM.

Sustainability of Human and Environmental Interaction: A Panacea to Peaceful Coexistence of Indigenous Peoples in Tasik Chini Biosphere Reserve

Abstract

Humans are most times very conscious of their environment. A healthy and pleasant environment is most likely to make peoples very comfortable and peaceful while an unhealthy environment may make peoples uneasy, uncomfortable and aggressive, which in turn could translate to chaos within the community. This matter is no exception for indigenous peoples that is known as a unique society, rich in their traditional knowledge, culture and practices especially in environmental sustainability. However, indigenous languages matter for social, economic, environmental protection, political development, peaceful coexistence and reconciliation in our societies. In Tasik Chini Biosphere Reserve, apart from education problems and poverty, environmental degradation is also a major challenge that affected the economic activities among indigenous people. This article discusses on the sustainability of human and environmental interactions based on the sustainability practices of indigenous peoples in preserving the natural resources at Tasik Chini Biosphere Reserve. This study utilized qualitative approach in data collection. Face-to-face interview is used with nine indigenous peoples from Kampung Gumum (official settlement) and Kampung Melai which is located nearby Tasik Chin. Later, the transcribed interview data was analysed through thematic analysis. The results illustrate indigenous peoples’ sustainability practices on interaction between human and flora, human and fauna, and human and surrounding area. The challenges to sustain and preserve the natural resources in Tasik Chini Biosphere Reserve have highlighted several aspects including overexploitation of species for human use, local authority enforcement and securing accessibility to their land. This paper implies that environmental sustainability need be guaranteed and extreme poverty and hunger should be eradicated to bring about peace. 

Keywords: Human and environmental interaction; indigenous peoples; peaceful coexistence; sustainability; Tasik Chini Biosphere Reserve.    

© 2020 Published by HADHARI-UKM.

A Mother’s Communication Technique in Forming the Children’s Personality according to Islam

Abstract

Communication is an important instrument in forming a noble personality. Mother-tochildren communication is the starting point for the children’s early development in shaping their psychosocial adaptation for their future. In recent times, the lack of communication between a mother and her children is caused by certain factors such as mothers who have a career, and also children who suffer from lack of care and abuse. Besides that, marital crisis and lack of  religious education would delay the children’s formation of good behaviour. This causes them to be easily influenced by the negative elements in the society. Therefore, a mother’s communication with communicative principles manifested in the Quran must be  applied, for example qaulan karima, qaulan sadida, qaulan ma’rufa, qaulan baligha, qaulan layyina and qaulan maisura. The framework of this research is based on the document analysis method. The results of the study show that a mother’s communicational technique in shaping the children’s personality can help to provide desirable results in forming their good personality in terms of their faith, mind, conduct, worship and emotion so that they will not deviate from the right track and help to guide them in leading a true future life effectively, based on the Quran and the Sunnah. 

Keywords: Communication; mother; formation of personality; children; the Quran   

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 Food in Ancient Arabic Proverbs

Abstract

This research is an attempt to shed light on the issues of food and its culture in ancient Arab proverbs, because food has a fundamental presence in the lives of nations and peoples, and its culture often expresses the nation’s cultural heritage, civilization and etiquette that it strives to observe. The research chose proverbs because they are part of the popular literary arts that have documented peoples ’culture and recorded many of their customs. To accomplish the goal of this research, the old Arabic food-related proverbs were investigated in the book (Mojama’a Al-Amthal ) for Al-Maidani as one of the broadest proverbs’ books, to be the base for a sample of the proverbs covered in the study.  A representative sample of food proverbs was selected by selecting proverbs that recorded the types of foods or drinks, or referred to the Arabs cultural heritage in the field of food and they reached to 157 proverbs. The research showed that the food of the Arabs was simple from the surrounding environment, as milk, yoghurt, ghee, and flour were often the main ingredients in food preparation. The most popular foods     mentioned in their proverbs respectively were: meat, dates, and damp, butter and pincers. While the most popular mentioned drinks respectively were: water, then milk and yoghurt, wine, then honey. The research noted that the names of meals in the past differ from their names in our time, which indicates a semantic development that has affected some of those names. Proverbs have also documented some of the social occasions during which food was made, so it is called with a special name. The research also showed that the proverbs recorded the etiquette and wisdom of the Arabs that they were keen to observe in their food tables, and the most mentioned were: generosity, the call to reduce food in order to preserve health, the defame of misers and miserliness, and the defame of going to have food without invitation. These proverbs were educationally important in guiding people and influencing their behavior regarding these etiquette and wisdom. 

Keywords: Foods; drinks; Arabic proverbs; food etiquette  

© 2020 Published by HADHARI-UKM.

Shalat on-Time And Discipline: A Literature Review

Abstract

Discipline is one of the characteristics that must be possessed by everyone to be trustworthy. A disciplined leader should keep the task or trust given to him. Disciplined students would live  regularly and could excel. So far, discipline could be built through training, but there are still few studies that revealed the connection between shalat on-time and discipline. The purpose of this study was to describe the theological study of the relationship between shalat on-time  and discipline. It hoped that by praying shalat on its time would mould someone to good discipline, not only in prayers performance but in various other activities. This research method used a literature review method in which we managed to collect about 15 journals and 3 books to support our research. The  result showed, there was a link between shalaton-time  and discipline. If people perform shalat at the beginning of time more frequently, then they become more self-discipline otherwise, if people do not shalat at the beginning of time or even procrastinate  then they would not definitely become a disciplined individual. 

Keywords: Discipline; shalat on-time; self-character; Islam  

© 2020 Published by HADHARI-UKM.

Wudhu and Peace of the Soul: A Theoritical Study

Abstract

Humans are inseparable from the problems that make him angry, restless, and uneasy soul. Many ways that are done to calm the soul such as relaxation, meditation or other activities. In Islamic studies, it is stated that when people are angry, take wudhu and pray. However, there are not many literature reviews that illustrate these issues. Therefore this study seeks to compile a theoretical study of the relationship between wudhu and the peace of mind. The method used in the form of literature studies. Theoretical studies used were 20 journals and 3 books. The result is 62,5% shows that there is a relationship between wudhu with peace of mind. The more often a person takes wudhu, the more peace is his soul. 

Keywords: Wudhu; calm; mental well-being; Islam; literature review   

© 2020 Published by HADHARI-UKM.

Reciting the Qur’an and Peace of Mind: A Literature Study

Abstract

Human life at times, is inseparable from daily problems that sometimes initiates difficulties in sleepless nights, feeling restless, and creates uneasy soul. Many ways that are done to calm the soul such as relaxation, meditation or other activities. In Islamic studies, it was mentioned that when humans are restless, he is recommended to perform ablution and prayer. Therefore, this research tries to compile a theoretical study on the relationship between reading the Qur’an and the maintaining of peace of soul. The research method used is literature studies based on 20 journals and 3 books.  The results show that there is a relationship between reading the Qur’an with peace of mind. The more reading the Quran, the more someone to have peace soul. 

Keywords: Peace of mind; Qur’an; reciting  

© 2020 Published by HADHARI-UKM.

Political Turbulence among the Malay Leadership in Terengganu,  1959-1961

Abstract

Although the Malaysian 2018 General Election results in Terengganu shows that the Pan- Malayan Islamic Party (PAS) has succeeded in securing the state leadership from the UMNO, it has not been easy because the party had already governed the state between the years 1959- 1961. During two years PAS’s Terengganu leads the State, the Islamist party strongly opposed by the UMNO and Alliance parties. However, the channel used by UMNO and the Alliance party to overthrow PAS is in a line with the principle of Federal constitutions when assemblymen holding a motion of no confidence oppose the Menteri Besar (Chief Minister) at the Terengganu State Assembly in December 1961. The main cause leading to the fall of Terengganu PAS government is due to the internal problems that occurred to the PAS leadership itself. Hence, this paper seeks to unscramble the question of why the motion of no confidence is carried out whereas the two political parties representing the Malays. What are the implications of the motion especially in relation to the state leadership? Methodologically, this study uses a historical method with archival documents, newspaper reports and several other library sources to answer these problems. The results of this presentation are expected to provide guidance to the public especially in the face of today’s political turmoil. 

Keywords: Turbulence; Malay Leadership; UMNO – PAS; no confidence motion   

© 2020 Published by HADHARI-UKM.

Cooperative Management in Islamic Perspective : Study of Koperasi Kariah Masjid in Selangor

Abstract

Koperasi Kariah Masjid (KKM) is a community-based cooperative established by the Mosque Institution. The objective of establishing KKM is to provide economic and social benefits to members of the local community. The findings from previous studies indicate that KKM has issues in its management and administration that may affect its objectives. The purpose of this paper is to identify the management and administrative issues faced by KKM. Thi s study is a qualitative study using of interview method with members of the Koperasi Kariah Masjid in the state of Selangor and also the other stakeholders such as the Suruhanjaya Koperasi Malaysia (SKM), the Unit of Koperasi Kariah Masijd of ANGKASA and the Malaysian Cooperative Institute (IKM). Document analysis methodology is used such as KKM’s Annual Activities and Financial Reports. The findings show that there are three major challenges faced by KKM management namely the commitment and support of members of the cooperative, the community, and the Mosque Committee. Subsequently, the lack of capital in terms of financial and human resources also contributed which ultimately affect the business and management aspects. This study proposes improvements in various aspects of KKM management based on Islamic management of four elements namely: planning, organizing, leading and controlling in line with its function as the economic center of Muslims.

Keywords: Cooperative management; Islamic management Islam; koperasi kariah masjid

 © 2020 Published by HADHARI-UKM.

Integration of Tauhidic Elements in Environmental Education from the Teachers’ Perspectives

Abstract

Serious environmental damage presses for the need of alternative approaches in the application of tauhidic elements for environmental conservation. Hence, this study examined the ways in which the practices of integrating tauhidic elements for environmental conservation were conducted in Islamic (science stream) boarding schools. The two schools involved were the Ulul Albab Mara Junior Science College (UAMJSC) in Sg. Besar and the Federal Religious Secondary School (SMAP) in Kajang, Malaysia. The qualitative study was conducted by interviewing two science teachers and two Islamic Education teachers from each school and an Environmental Education coordinator teacher from FRSS for data triangulation. The participants of this study were sampled using purposive sampling. The interview data which had been transcribed were analysed based on the relevant themes. The findings show that the integration of tauhidic elements in the school curriculum takes place with the support of the teachers and school administrators. However, the integration of tauhidic elements for environmental conservation takes place only through two approaches namely: through the inculcation of values from the teachers’ advices and the teachers’ actions as role models as well as through the activities of seeking the meaning of verses in the al-Quran or the Hadith which are related to environmental concepts. The findings show that the students already have good environmental knowledge, awareness and interest in nature but require enhancements in relation to their practices of environmental conservation. Hence, the integration of tauhidic elements for environmental conservation requires the cooperation of science teachers and Islamic education teachers as well as strong support from other subject teachers and environmental clubs in the school.

Keywords: Environmental education; environmental values; integration; Islamic values; tauhidic elements

 © 2020 Published by HADHARI-UKM.

Government Support towards Environmental Volunteering Participation

Abstract

Environmental volunteering activity is a pro social action that need support from government to ensure the objectives of environmental volunteerism reach its goal. Volunteerism has been a key of the global environmental movement by mobilizing communities in the world to help address environmental problems as protecting the environment is the responsibility of everyone in the community. NGOs act as bridge that linked the government support and the communities. This study explored the government support towards environmental volunteering participation by analysing the data from verbatim responses of 10 individuals and questionnaire answered by 119 respondents that have participated in environmental volunteering activities. The results reveal that there are two elements of the government support towards environmental volunteering participation in Malaysia which is through incentives and education. The mean for this analysis is 6.95 with standard deviation of 2.404. The findings of the study indicate that environmental volunteerism should be a requirement in environmental education as it is seen as an encouragement for environmental conservation practices and volunteerism.

Keywords: Environmental volunteerism; government support; environmental volunteering participation; Muslim volunteers

 © 2020 Published by HADHARI-UKM.

STEM Education: What Students Are Not Well-Informed

Abstract

Science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) education are very important in the development of a country. The main emphasis placed on science education is to understand about nature and their interactions with the environment. Technology is a science tha t deals with the techniques of how to apply science; engineering is a science related to the design, building, and use of engines, machines, and structures; and mathematics is a ‘tool’ used in analysing numbers, quality and space to understand a phenomenon scientifically, to develop science, technology and engineering. STEM education which is taught today is primarily is based on a secular system which is lacking in terms of matters related to culture, the value system of human being and religion. As the result, the present STEM education system produces merely so-called ‘literate uneducated’ people, or the ‘skilled barbarian’ as referred by Professor Steven Muller, former President of John Hopkins University, USA, and recently quoted by Harry Lewis as ‘excellent without a soul’. There must be some significant information missing which the students are not taught that led to this course. This paper seeks to discuss these uninformed elements in STEM education and the efforts that need to be implemented in order to correct it since it affects the process of human capital development.

Keywords: STEM; value based education; human capital; God Consciousness Science (Tauhidic Science); holistic.

 © 2020 Published by HADHARI-UKM.

Learning Al-Quran for Disabled Children

Abstract

Learning al-Quran for differently abled or disabled children is often neglected. The reason is that the community considers them as not obliged to learn it (mukallaf). Disabled children have various types and levels of disability and they possess the ability to master reading al-Quran if given the opportunity. Therefore, the effort to give them the opportunity to study religion such as recitation of al-Quran is considered as fardhu kifayah (collective responsibility). In Malaysia, there are various methods of Quranic learning that have been used since medieval times until now such as Iqra ‘method, Baghdadi method and so on. Lately, Quranic learning for disabled children has gained more attention because of the increased awareness among parents to teach al-Quran to them. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the methods of Quranic learning used for children with disabilities in Malaysia and the challenges faced in the teaching and learning process. The research methodology used in this study is analysis of documents based on previous studies and research through journals and books related to the discussion on the study of al- Qur’an for disabled children. The findings of research show that there are three main methods of al-Quran learning used for disabled children in Malaysia namely Fakih method, Abahata al-Jabari method and Braille method. However, in implementing al-Quran learning for disabled children, experienced teachers face various challenges such as uninterested disabled children in the learning of al-Quran, issues relating to their emotions and behavior, and matters regarding space and learning environment problems. The implication of this study is the identification of existing learning methods of al -Quran which can guide parents, teachers and preachers in teaching al-Quran to disabled children. In addition, an agency that manages disabled children may also need to apply the most appropriate method relevance to the type of disability.

Keywords: Quranic learning; disabilities; Fakih method; Abahata al-Jabari method and Braille method.

 © 2020 Published by HADHARI-UKM.