2024 9(1)
JUNE 2024
Analisis Hukum Pembayaran Ex-Gratia di Syarikat Takaful
Analysis of Ruling on Ex-Gratia Payment in Takaful Companies
Nik Abdul Rahim Nik Abdul Ghani, nikrahim@ukm.edu.my
Research Centre for Sharia, Faculty of Islamic Studies, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia
Anas Mat Naim,
Research Centre for Sharia, Faculty of Islamic Studies, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia
Received: June 02, 2024 | Revised: June 12, 2024 | Accepted: June 20, 2024 | Published: June 30, 2024
2024, Vol. 9(1), pp. 39-46. | PDF
Ex-gratia ialah satu bentuk pembayaran secara sukarela oleh pihak syarikat takaful atau insurans berdasarkan pertimbangan dan justifikasi tertentu walaupun tidak termaktub dalam terma dan syarat. Walaubagaimanapun, amalan pembayaran dalam takaful berbeza daripada insurans kerana dana takaful terbahagi kepada dana risiko (tabarru’) dan dana pemegang saham. Terdapat persoalan adakah pembayaran ex-gratia boleh diambil daripada dana risiko. Ini kerana pihak syarikat takaful merupakan wakil kepada peserta-peserta dalam menguruskan dana risiko. Wakil secara umumnya hendaklah bertindak untuk kepentingan muwakkil. Justeru, kajian ini mengupas amalan pembayaran ex-gratia di beberapa syarikat takaful terpilih. Data diperolehi melalui analisis dokumen dan temubual. Seterusnya ia dianalisis secara tematik dan deskriptif. Dapatan kajian ini mendapati terdapat perbezaan amalan di beberapa syarikat takaful dari perspektif sumber dana yang diambil bagi pembayaran ex-gratia. Akad wakalah antara syarikat dan peserta berkaitan pengurusan dana risiko menjadi asas kepada perbahasan takyif fiqhi pembayaran berkenaan. Hasil juga menunjukkan perlu dibangunkan satu parameter syariah berkaitan pembayaran ex-gratia dalam konteks takaful.
KATA KUNCI
Ex-gratia, sukarela, takaful, wakalah, dana, tabarru’
Ex-gratia refers to voluntary payments made by takaful or insurance companies based on specific considerations and justifications, even when not explicitly stipulated in the terms and conditions. However, the practice of ex-gratia payments in takaful differs from that in conventional insurance due to the division of the takaful fund into a risk fund (tabarru‘) and a shareholders’ fund. This raises the question of whether ex-gratia payments can be sourced from the risk fund, as the takaful company acts as an agent (wakeel) for the participants in managing this fund. An agent is typically expected to act in the best interest of the principal (muwakkil). This study examines the practice of ex-gratia payments in selected takaful companies. Data were collected through document analysis and interviews, and subsequently analyzed thematically and descriptively. The findings reveal variations in practice among different takaful companies, particularly regarding the source of funds used for ex-gratia payments. The wakalah contract between the company and participants, which governs the management of the risk fund, forms the basis for the fiqh (Islamic jurisprudence) discussion on this matter. The results also underscore the need to develop Shariah-compliant parameters related to ex-gratia payments within the context of takaful.
KEYWORDS
Ex-gratia, voluntary, takaful, wakalah, fund, tabarru’
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