Sains Malaysiana 45(5)(2016): 833–839

Production and Characterization of the Defatted Oil Palm Shell Nanoparticles

(Penghasilan dan Pencirian Nanopartikel Tempurung Kelapa Sawit Ternyah Lemak)

ABDUL KHALIL, H.P.S.¹*, MD. SOHRAB HOSSAIN¹, NUR AMIRANAJWA, A.S.,¹

NURUL FAZITA, M.R.,¹ MOHAMAD HAAFIZ, M.K.,¹ SURAYA, N.L.M.,¹DUNGANI, R.²

& FIZREE, H.M.²

¹School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia

²School of Life Sciences and Technology, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Gedung Labtex XI, Jalan Ganesha 10, Bandung 40132, West Java-Indonesia

Received: 3 April 2015/ Accepted: 2 December 2015

ABSTRACT

This present study was conducted to produce defatted oil palm shell (OPS) nanoparticles. Wherein, the OPS nanoparticles were defatted by solvent extraction method. Several analytical methods including transmission electron microscope (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), particle size analyzer, scanning electron microscope (SEM), SEM energy dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDX) and thermal gravimetric analyzer (TGA) were used to characterize the untreated and defatted OPS nanoparticles. It was found that 75.3% OPS particles were converted into nanoparticles during ball milling. The obtained OPS nanoparticles had smaller surface area with angular, irregular and crushed shapes under SEM view. The defatted OPS nanoparticles did not show any agglomeration during TEM observation. However, the untreated OPS nanoparticles had higher decomposition temperature as compared to the defatted OPS nanoparticles. Based on the characterization results of the OPS nanoparticles, it is evident that the defatted OPS nanoparticles has the potentiality to be used as filler in biocomposites.

Keywords: Composite materials; nanofiller; nanoparticles; oil extraction; oil palm shell; solvent extraction

ABSTRAK

Kajian ini telah dijalankan untuk menghasil dan mencirikan partikel nano tempurung kelapa sawit (OPS) yang telah dinyahlemak. Partikel nano OPS telah dinyahlemak melalui kaedah pengestrakan pelarut. Beberapa kaedah analisis termasuk mikroskop elektron pancaran (TEM), pembelauan sinar-X (XRD), penganalisis saiz partikel, mikroskop elektron imbasan (SEM), SEM sinar-X serakan tenaga (SEM-EDX) dan penganalisis gravimetrik terma (TGA) telah digunakan untuk mencirikan partikel nano OPS yang tidak dirawat dan yang telah dinyahlemak. Didapati bahawa 75.3% daripada partikel OPS telah ditukarkan kepada partikel nano semasa proses pengisaran bola. Partikel nano OPS yang diperoleh menerusi pengimejan SEM mempunyai kawasan permukaan yang lebih kecil dengan bersudut, tidak teratur dan berbentuk hancur. Partikel nano OPS yang dinyahlemak tidak menunjukkan sebarang pengumpulan semasa pemerhatian TEM. Walau bagaimanapun, partikel nano OPS yang tidak dirawat mempunyai suhu penguraian yang lebih tinggi berbanding dengan partikel nano OPS yang dinyahlemak. Berdasarkan keputusan pencirian partikel nano OPS, adalah jelas bahawa partikel nano OPS yang dinyahlemak mempunyai potensi untuk digunakan sebagai pengisi dalam komposit bio.

Kata kunci: Bahan komposit; partikel nano; pengekstrakan minyak; pengekstrakan pelarut; pengisi nano; tempurung kelapa sawit

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*Corresponding author; email: akhalilhps@gmail.com