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Sains Malaysiana 48(8)(2019): 1601–1608
http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2019-4808-05
Bactericidal Efficacy
of Selected Medicinal Plant Crude Extracts and their Fractions against Common
Fish Pathogens
(Keberkesanan Bakterisid
ialah Ekstrak Mentah Tumbuhan Ubatan Terpilih dan Fraksinya terhadap
Patogen Biasa Ikan)
RASHIDAH ABDUL RAZAK1,2, MOHAMED SHARIFF1,3*, FATIMAH MD. YUSOFF3 & INTAN SAFINAR ISMAIL3
1Faculty of Veterinary
Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan
Malaysia
2Kulliyyah of Science, International
Islamic University of Malaysia, Jalan Sultan Ahmad Shah, Bandar Indera Mahkota,
25200 Kuantan, Pahang Darul Makmur, Malaysia
3Institute of Bioscience,
Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
Received:
18 October 2018/Accepted: 12 May 2019
ABSTRACT
The emergence of new diseases
and the increased use of antibiotics have led to the development
of resistant bacterial strains. Thus, there is greater attention
to seek new antibacterial agents from the natural sources for combating
fish diseases in the aquaculture industry. The present study evaluated
the bactericidal efficacy of crude methanolic and aqueous extracts
from Polygonum
chinense, Syzygium polyanthum, Premna foetida, Pimenta dioica, Brucea
javanica, Vitex negundo, Alpinia conchigera and Clinacanthus
nutans against Vibrio harveyi, Vibrio alginolyticus, Vibrio
parahaemolyticus and Aeromonas hydrophila using disc diffusion
method. The results showed that methanolic extracts of P. dioica,
P. foetida and P. chinense, and aqueous extracts of P.
dioica and S. polyanthum showed moderate to strong activity
(10.8 to 17.2 mm) against all the tested bacteria. These five potential
crude extracts were fractionated using liquid-liquid extraction
method to obtain the methanol, dichloromethane and ethyl acetate
fractions. Among the fractions, ethyl acetate fraction showed the
highest activity against all tested bacteria, with minimum inhibition
concentration (MIC)
values between 0.625 and 10.000 mg/mL. In addition, the five potential
crude extracts had low to moderate toxicity with LC50 >100
μg/mL using brine shrimp cytotoxicity assays. The results of
this study indicated that methanolic extracts of P. chinense
and P. foetida that showed high bactericidal activity
and low toxicity could be good potentials for use in fish culture.
Keywords: Bactericidal
activity; brine shrimp toxicity; disc diffusion; medicinal plants; minimum
inhibition concentration
ABSTRAK
Kemunculan penyakit baharu
dan peningkatan penggunaan antibiotik telah membawa kepada penghasilan
strain bakteria yang rintang. Oleh itu, terdapat
banyak perhatian untuk mencari agen antibakteria baru daripada sumber
semula jadi bagi memerangi penyakit ikan dalam industri akuakultur.
Kajian ini telah menguji keberkesanan bakterisid bagi ekstrak mentah
metanolik dan akueus daripada Polygonum chinense, Syzygium polyanthum,
Premna foetida, Pimenta dioica, Brucea javanica, Vitex negundo,
Alphinia conchigera dan Clinacanthus nutans terhadap Vibrio
harveyi, Vibrio alginolyticus, Vibrio parahaemolyticus dan Aeromonas
hydrophila menggunakan kaedah penyebaran cakera. Hasil kajian
telah menunjukkan ekstrak metanolik P. dioica, P. foetida dan
P. chinense, dan ekstrak akueus P. dioica serta S.
polyanthum mempunyai aktiviti antimikrob sederhana hingga kuat
(10.8 hingga 17.2 mm) terhadap semua bakteria yang diuji. Kesemua
lima ekstrak mentah yang berpotensi ini seterusnya difraksikan menggunakan
kaedah pengekstrakan cecair-cecair untuk mendapatkan fraksi metanol,
diklorometana dan etil asetat. Antara fraksi ini, fraksi etil asetat
menunjukkan aktiviti tertinggi terhadap semua bakteria yang diuji
dengan nilai kepekatan perencatan minimum (MIC) antara 0.625 hingga 10.000
mg/mL. Di samping itu, lima ekstrak mentah yang berpotensi ini mempunyai
ketoksikan yang rendah hingga sederhana dengan LC50>
100 μg/mL menggunakan pengasaian kesitotoksikan udang brin.
Hasil kajian ini menunjukkan bahawa ekstrak metanolik P. chinense
dan P. foetida yang mempunyai aktiviti bakterisid tinggi
dan ketoksikan rendah mempunyai potensi yang baik untuk digunakan
dalam kultur ikan.
Kata kunci: Aktiviti bakterisid;
kepekatan perencatan minimum; kesitotoksikan udang brin; penyebaran
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*Corresponding
author; email: pshariff@gmail.com
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