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Sains Malaysiana 52(4)(2023):
http://doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2023-5204-17
Optimization of Tween 80 and PEG-400
Concentration in Indonesian Virgin Coconut Oil Nanoemulsion as Antibacterial
against Staphylococcus aureus
(Pengoptimuman Kepekatan Tween 80 dan PEG-400 dalam
Nanoemulsi Minyak Kelapa Dara Indonesia sebagai Antibakteria terhadap Staphylococcus aureus)
MIKSUSANTI1, ELSA FITRIA APRIANI2,* & AZZAHRA HITHTHAH BAMA BIHURININ2
1Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas
Sriwijaya, Jl. Palembang-Prabumulih, Km. 32, Ogan Ilir, South Sumatra,
Indonesia
2Department
of Pharmacy, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas
Sriwijaya, Jl. Palembang-Prabumulih, Km. 32, Ogan Ilir, South Sumatra,
Indonesia
Received: 25 October 2022/Accepted: 6 March 2023
Abstract
Virgin Coconut Oil (VCO) can act as an antibacterial due to free fatty acids. To increase the stability of VCO, the VCO can be formed into nanoemulsion preparations. This study aimed to optimize the concentration of Tween 80 and Polyethylene glycol-400 (PEG-400) in nanoemulsion formula and determine antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus. The content of VCO was determined using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS), and the results showed that VCO contained lauric acid, palmitic acid, caprylic acid, oleic acid, capric acid, and stearic acid. Optimization was carried out using the 22 factorial design method on the response of pH, density, percent transmittance, particle size, and polydispersity index. The optimum formula was obtained at concentrations of Tween 80 and PEG-400 40% and 26%, respectively, with a desirability value of 0.961. The optimum formula showed no phase separation and a significant decrease in pH (p>0.05). The optimum and comparison formula (pure VCO) had significantly different antibacterial activity (p<0.05) where the diameter of the inhibition zone was 24.77±1.66 mm and 16.73±2.00 mm, Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of 1250 ppm and 2500 ppm, Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) of 2500 ppm and more than 2500 ppm, respectively. The optimum formula of VCO nanoemulsion was proven to have good stability and a potent antibacterial activity.
Keywords: Antibacterial;
factorial design; nanoemulsion; Staphylococcus
aureus; virgin coconut oil
Abstrak
Minyak Kelapa Dara (VCO) boleh
bertindak sebagai antibakteria kerana kandungan asid lemak bebas. Bagi
meningkatkan kestabilan VCO, ia boleh disediakan dalam bentuk nano-emulsi.
Tujuan kajian ini dijalankan adalah untuk mendapatkan kepekatan yang optimum
bagi Tween 80 dan Polietilena glikol-400 (PEG-400) di dalam formulasi
nano-emulsi dan untuk menentukan aktiviti antibakteria terhadap Staphylococcus
aureus. Kandungan VCO telah dianalisis dengan menggunakan Kromatografi
gas–spektrometri jisim (GC-MS) dan hasilnya menunjukkan VCO mengandungi asid
laurik, asid palmitik, asid kaprilat, asid oleik, asid kaprik dan asid stearik.
Pengoptimuman telah dijalankan menggunakan kaedah reka bentuk faktorial 22 pada tindak balas pH, ketumpatan, peratus transmisi, saiz zarah dan indeks
polidispersiti. Formula optimum didapati pada kepekatan Tween 80 dan PEG-400
masing-masing 40% dan 26%, dengan nilai kemahuan 0.961. Formula optimum juga
menunjukkan tiada pemisahan campuran mahupun penurunan pH yang ketara
(p>0.05). Formula optimum dan perbandingannya (VCO tulen) didapati mempunyai
aktiviti antibakteria yang berbeza secara signifikan (p<0.05) dengan
diameter zon inhibasi masing-masing ialah 24.77±1.66 mm dan 16.73±2.00 mm,
Kepekatan Perencatan Minimum (MIC) 1250 ppm dan 2500 ppm dan Kepekatan Bakteria
Minimum (MBC) 2500 ppm dan lebih daripada 2500 ppm. Formula optimum nano-emulsi
VCO terbukti mempunyai kestabilan yang baik dan aktiviti antibakteria yang
tinggi.
Kata kunci: Antibakteria; minyak kelapa dara; nano-emulsi;
reka bentuk faktor; Staphylococcus aureus
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*Corresponding author; email: elsafitria@mipa.unsri.ac.id
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