Sains Malaysiana 35(2): 41-47 (2006)

Cluster Analysis in Lipid Biomarker Studies:

A Case of the Clyde Sea

(Analisis Berkelompok dalam Kajian Penanda

Bio Lipid: Kes di Laut Clyde)

Masni Mohd Ali

School Of Environment And Natural Resource Sciences

Faculty Of Science And Technology

Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia

43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia

Stephen M. Mudge

School Of Ocean Sciences

University Of Wales, Bangor

Menai Bridge, Anglesey Ll59 5ab

United Kingdom

ABSTRAK

Tiga puluh tiga sampel sedimen permukaan telah diambil di persekitaran Laut Clyde dan telah dianalisis  bagi menentukan kandungan asid lemak, alkohol lemak dan sterol  dengan menggunakan Kromatografi Gas-Spektrometri Jisim (KGSJ).  Analisis berkelompok (kaedah Ward dengan pemalar korelasi) yang dilakukan secara berasingan ke atas sebatian asid lemak, alkohol lemak dan sterol ini menunjukkan sebatian-sebatian ini dikelompok mengikut sumber geokimia masing-masing. Walaubagaimanapun, dalam setiap analisis, sebatian-sebatian terbitan dari terestrial dapat dilihat berkelompok dengan sebatian-sebatian terbitan marin dan bakteria. Sebatian-sebatian terbitan dari bakteria boleh dijumpai dalam semua kelompok bagi analisis berkelompok yang dijalankan ke atas campuran ketiga-tiga kumpulan sebatian. Ini menunjukkan bahawa input daripada bakteria hadir bersama dengan input daripada marin dan terestrial.

Kata kunci:  analisis berkelompok; penanda bio; asid lemak; alkohol lemak; sterol

ABSTRACT

Thirty-three surface sediment samples were collected around the Clyde Sea and were analyzed for fatty acids, fatty alcohols and sterols by the GC-MS detection. Cluster analysis (Ward’s method with correlation coefficient) performed separately on fatty acids, fatty alcohols and sterols showed that they were grouped according to their geochemical sources. However, terrestrial derived compounds can be seen grouping with marine and bacterial derived compounds in every analysis. Bacterial derived compounds can be found in all clusters in the mixed compound cluster analysis showing that bacterial inputs occurred together with marine and terrestrial inputs.

Keywords:  cluster analysis; biomarker; fatty acids; fatty alcohols; sterols 

RUJUKAN/REFERENCES

Carrie, R. H., Mitchell, L. & Black, K. D.  1998. Fatty Acids In Surface Sediments At The Hebridean Shelf Edge, West Of Scotland.  Organic Geochemistry. 29: 1583-1593.

Fukushima, K. & Ishiwatari, R. 1984. Acid And Alcohol Compositions Of Wax Esters In Sediments From Different Environments. Chemical Geology. 47: 41-56.

Hinrichs, K.U., Schneider, R. R., Müller, P. J.  & Rullkötter, J. 1999. A Biomarker Perspective On Paleoproductivity Variations In Two Late Quarternary Sediment Sections From The Southeast Atlantic Ocean. Organic Geochemistry. 30: 341-366.

Jeng, W. L. & Han, B. C.  1994. Sedimentary Coprostanol In Kaohsiung Harbour And The Tan Shui Estuary, Taiwan. Marine Pollution Bulletin. 28: 494-499.

Kaiser, K. L. E. & Esterby, S. R.  1991. Regression And Cluster Analysis Of The Acute Toxicity Of 207 Chemicals To Six Species Of Biota And Octanol/Water Partition Coefficient. Science Of  The Total Environment. 109-110: 499-514.

Laureillard, J. & Saliot, A. 1993. Biomarkers In Organic Matter Produced In Estuaries: A Case Study Of The Krka Estuary (Adriatic Sea) Using The Sterol Marker Series. Marine Chemistry. 43: 247-261.

Leeming, R. & Nichols, P. D.  1998. Determination Of The Sources And Distribution Of Sewage And Pulp-Fibre-Derived Pollution In The Derwent Estuary, Tasmania, Using Sterol Biomarkers. Marine And Freshwater Research. 49: 7-17.

Mudge, S. M., Bebianno, M. J., East, J. A. & Barreira, L. A. 1999. Sterols In The Ria Formosa Lagoon, Portugal. Water Research. 33: 1038-1048.

Mudge, S. M., East, J. A., Bebianno, M. J. & Barreira, L. A.  1998. Fatty Acids In The  Ria Formosa Lagoon, Portugal. Organic Geochemistry. 29: 963-977.

Mudge, S. M. & Lintern, D. G.  1999. Comparison Of Sterol Biomarkers For Sewage With Other Measures In Victoria Harbour, B.C., Canada. Estuarine, Coastal And Shelf Science. 48: 27-38

Mudge, S. M. & Norris, C. E. 1997. Lipid Biomarkers In The Conwy Estuary (North Wales, U.K.): A Comparison Between Fatty Alcohols And Sterols. Marine Chemistry. 57:  61-84.

Parkes, R. J. 1987. Analysis Of Microbial Communities Within Sediments Using Biomarkers. In: Fletcher, M., Gray, T. R. G. And Jones, J. G. (Eds.). Ecology Of Microbial      Communities. Cambridge University Press, London, 440 Pp.

Pereira, M. G. S. 1999. Bacterial Degradation Of Linseed And Sunflower Oils In Salt Marsh Sediments. Phd Thesis. University Of Wales, Bangor. 199p.

Poodle, T. 1986. Freshwater Inflows To The Firth Of Clyde. Proceedings Of The Royal Society Of Edinburgh, Section B 90, 55-66.

Rajendran, N., Fujiyoshi, E. & O. Matsuda. 1991. Fatty  Acids And Fatty Alcohols Of  Zooplankton From Coastal Upwelling Area Of Hyuga Nada, Japan. Bulletin Of The Japanese Society Of Fisheries. 57: 2277-2284.

Rohjans, D., Brocks, P.,  Scholz-Böttcher, B. M. & Rullkötter, J. 1998. Lipid Biogeochemistry Of Surface Sediments In The Lower Saxonian Wadden Sea, Northwest Germany, And The Effect Of The Strong Winter 1995-1996. Organic Geochemistry. 29: 1507-1516.

Saliot, A., Laureillard, J., Scribe, P. & Sicre, M. A. 1991. Evolutionary Trends In The Lipid Biomarker Approach For Investigating The Biogeochemistry Of Organic Matter In The Marine Environment. Marine Chemistry. 36: 233-248.

Sargent, J.R., Gatten, R. R.  & Henderson, R. J.  1981. Marine Wax Esters. Pure And Applied Chemistry. 53: 867-871.

Thoumelin, G., Bodineau, L. & Wartel, M. 1997. Origin And Transport Of Organic Matter Across The Seine Estuary: Fatty Acid And Sterol Variation. Marine Chemistry. 58: 59-71.

Venkatesan, M.I. & Kaplan, I. R. 1990. Sedimentary Coprostanol As An Index Of Sewage   Addition In Santa Monica Basin, Southern California. Environmental Science And Technology. 24: 208-214.

Volkman, J. K. 1986. A Review Of Sterol Markers For Marine And Terrigenous Organic Matter. Organic Geochemistry.  9: 83-99.

Volkman, J. K., Barrett, S. M., Blackburn, S. I., Mansour, M. P., Sikes, E. L.  & Gelin, F. 1998. Microalgal Biomarkers: A Review Of Recent Research Developments. Organic Geochemistry. 29: 1163-1179.

Volkman, J. K., Farrington, J. W.  & Gagosian, R. B.  1987. Marine And Terrigenous Lipids In Coastal Sediments From The Peru Upwelling Region At 15os: Sterols And Triterpene Alcohols. Organic Geochemistry. 11: 463-477.

Wakeham, S. G. &  Lee, C. 1989. Organic Geochemistry Of Particulate Matter In The Ocean: The Role Of Particles In Oceanic Sedimentary Cycles. Organic Geochemistry. 14: 83-96.