Sains Malaysiana 36(2): 97-103 (2007)

Concentration of Insecticides Cypermethrin Isomer in Total Suspended Particulate in Air of Cameron Highlands,

Pahang, Malaysia

(Kepekatan Insektisid Isomer Cybermetrin pada Zarahan Termendap

 di Udara Cameron Highlands, Pahang, Malaysia)

Norela Sulaiman, Toh Lee Fong, Hazzila Abdul Samat,

Ismail Sahid & Maimon Abdullah

School of Environment and Natural Resources Sciences

Faculty Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia

43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia

Mohd. Rozali Othman

School of Chemical Sciences and Food Technology

Faculty Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia

43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia

Received :  11 January 2007 / Accepted: 28 February 2007

ABSTRACT

This study was carried out to determine the concentrations of cypermethrin in total suspended particulate in air in several farming areas of Cameron Highlands. Samples of total suspended particulate were collected using a high volume air sampler (Model Graseby) from six different sampling sites around Cameron Highlands. Laboratory analysis of total suspended particulate was conducted by the standard method. High dosages of cypermethrin were used by farmers in the dry season. Results of the study showed that the concentrations of cypermethrin in total suspended particulate in the air samples were higher during the dry season (May-July 2004) compared to the rainy season (September-October 2004). There was a significant positive correlation between the concentrations of cypermethrin and total suspended particulate (p<0.05).

Keywords: Cypermethrin; suspended particulate in air 

ABSTRAK

Kajian ini telah dijalankan untuk menentukan kepekatan cypermethrin dalam jumlah zarahan terampai di udara di beberapa kawasan pertanian di Cameron Highlands. Sampel bagi jumlah zarahan terampai di udara diperolehi dengan menggunakan alat persampel udara isipadu tinggi (Model Graseby) dari enam kawasan persampelan di sekitar Cameron Highlands. Analisis jumlah zarahan terampai dilakukan mengikut kaedah piawai. Cipermetrin telah digunakan pada kadar yang tinggi oleh para petani di musim kering. Hasil analisis di makmal mendapati bahawa cypermethrin adalah lebih tinggi pada musim kering (Mei-Julai) berbanding dengan musim hujan (September-Oktober) dalam jumlah zarahan terampai dalam sampel udara. Terdapat kolerasi signifikan di antara kepekatan cypermethrin dengan kepekatan jumlah zarahan terampai (p<0.05).

Kata kunci: Cipermethrin; zarahan terampai di udara 

RUJUKAN/REFERENCES

Brook, R.D., Franklin, B., Cascio, W., Hong, Y., Howard, G. & Lipsett, M. 2004. Air pollution and cardiovascular disease: a statement for healthcare professional from the expert panel on population and prevention sciences of the American Heart Association. Circulation. 109: 2655-2671.

Coupe, R.H., Manning, M.N., Foreman, W.T., Goolsby, D.A. & Majewski, M.S. 2000. Occurrence of pesticides in rain and air in urban and agriculture areas of Mississippi, April-September 1995. The Science of the Total Environment 248: 227-240.

Curtis, L. Pea, W., Smith-Willis,P. Fenyres, E. & Pan, Y. 2006. Adverse health effects of outdoor air pollutants. Environment International. 32: 815-830.

Daines, R.H. 1952. 2,4-D as an air pollutant and its effects on various species of plants. Air pollution, Proceedings of the US Technical Conference on Air Pollution. New York, USA : McGraw-Hill Book Co. Inc. pp. 140-143.

Dent, D. 2000. Insect Pest Management. Second ed. CAB international.

Dickey, J.H. 2000. Air pollution: overview of sources and health effects. Dis.-Mon. 46: 566-589.

Galera, M.M., Vidal, J.L.M., Frenich, A.G. & Garcia, M.D.G. 1996. Journal of Chromatoghraphy A. 727: 39-46.

Gouin, T., Mackey, D., Jones, K.C., Harner, T. & Meijer, S.N. 2004. Evidence for the grasshopper effect and fractionation during long range atmospheric transport of organic contaminants. Environmental Pollution 128 : 139-148.

Gyan, K., Henry, W., Lucille, S., Laloo, A., Lames-Ebanke, C. & McKay, R. African dust clouds are associated with increased pediatric asthma accident and emergency admission on the Caribbean island of Trinidad. Int J Biometeorol 49: 371-376.

Harnly, M., McLaughlin, R., Bradman, A., Anderson, M. & Gunier, R. 2005. Correlating agricultural use of organophosphates with outdoor air concentrations: a particular concern for children. Environ Health Perspect. 113: 1184-1189.

Institoris, L., Siroki, O., Underger, U., Desi, I. & Nagymajtenyi, L. 1999. Immunotoxiological effects of repeated combined exposure by cipermethrin and the heavy metal lead and cadmium in rats. International Journal of Immunopharmacology 21: 735-743.

Jin, H & G.R.H. 1998. Webster, Fresenius. J. Anal. Chem. 360: 573.

Klingman, G. C & Ashton, F. M. 1982. Weed science: Principle and practices. Ed. ke-2. New York: A-Wiley-Interscience Publication.

Majewski, M.S. & Capel, P.D. 1995. Pesticides in the atmosphere, Distribution, Trends and Governing Factors. Chelsea USA: Ann Arbor Press.

Mazlinda, M. 2002. Kajian nasib racun serangga cypermethrin dan deltamethrin dalam ekosistem tanah pertanian. Tesis Sarjana Sains Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia.

Perkins, H.C. 1974. Air pollution. New York: McGraw-Hall Book company.

Samsonov, Y.N., Makarov, V.I. & Koutsenogii, K.P. 1998. Physicochemical model and kinetics of pesticide constituent evaporation out of multi-ingredient polydisperse aerosols. Pesticide Science 52: 292-302.

Sham, S. 1987. Pencemaran udara. Dlm. Ahmad Badri, M. (Pnyt.). Perpektif Persekitaran: hlm. 88-105. Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa & Pustaka.

Shen, L., Wania, F., Lei, Y.D., Muir, D.C.G. & Biddleman, T.F. 2005. Atmospheric distribution and long range transport behavior of orghanoclorine pesticides in North America. Environmental Science and Technology 39: 409-420.

Sivapragasam, A. Syed, A.R. and Loke, W.ll. (1992). The leafminer, Chromatomyia horticola (Goureau) and its increasing menace to farmers in Cameron Highlands MAPPS Newsletter 16 (3): 19-20.

Toh, L.F. 2005. Concentration of Insecticides (Endosulfan, Chlorpyrifos and Cypermethrin) in air and soil in several areas of Cameron Highlands, Pahang. Thesis Msc. Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia.

Tuduri, L., Harner, T., Blanchard, P., Yi-Fan, L., Poissant, L. Waite, D.T., Murphy, C. & Belzer, W. 2006. A review of currently used pesticides (CUPs) in Canadian air and precipitation: Part I: Lindane and endosulfans. Atmospheric Environment 40: 1563-1578.

Van de Berg, F., Kubiak, R., Benjey, W.G. 1999. Emission of pesticides into the air. Water, Air and Soil Pollution 115: 195-218.

Vatn, A., Bakken, L., Bleken, M.A., Baadshaung, O.H., Fykse, H., Haugen, L.E., Lundekvam, H., Morken, J., Romstad, E., Rorstad, P.K., Skjelvag, A.O. & Sogn, T. 2006. A methodology for integrated economic and environmental analysis of pollution from agriculture. Agricultural Systems 88: 270-293.

Wilkening, K.E., Barrie, L.A. & Engle, M. 2000. Trans-Pasific air pollution. Science 290: 65-67.