Sains Malaysiana 39(4)(2010): 607–613

 

Penilaian Risiko Radiologi Bahan Binaan Konkrit di Semenanjung Malaysia

(Radiological Risk Assessment of Concrete Building Materials in Peninsular Malaysia)

 

Aznan Fazli Ismail*, Amran Ab. Majid, Muhamad Samudi Yasir

Redzuwan Yahaya & Ismail Bahari

 

Pusat Pengajian Fizik Gunaan, Fakulti Sains dan Teknologi

Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia

 

Diserahkan: 25 Ogos 2009 / Diterima: 17 November 2009

 

 

ABSTRAK

 

Penggunaan bahan binaan yang mengandungi bahan radioaktif tabii (NORM) yang tinggi boleh meningkatkan kadar dos dedahan kepada penghuni di dalam sesebuah bangunan. Kebimbangan terhadap impak radiologi kepada penghuni menyebabkan perlunya dilakukan penilaian hazard radiologi yang berpunca daripada bahan binaan. Sehubungan itu, objektif kajian ini adalah untuk menentukan aras keradioaktifan tabii dalam bahan binaan di Malaysia serta menilai risiko radiologi yang diterima oleh penghuninya. Sebanyak 46 sampel pasir, 43 sampel kerikil dan 13 sampel simen Portland telah dianalisis menggunakan sistem spektrometri sinar gama. Hasil kajian mendapati kepekatan aktiviti bagi ketiga-tiga sampel bahan binaan berada pada julat 4.4 Bq kg-1 hingga 354.9 Bq kg-1, 2.4 Bq kg-1 hingga 263.9 Bq kg-1 dan 15.1 Bq kg-1 hingga 1931.7 Bq kg-1 bagi masing-masing 226Ra, 232Th dan 40K. Pengiraan kadar dos dedahan dalam bangunan mendapati semua sampel menghasilkan dos di bawah nilai 1500 μSv tahun-1, iaitu jumlah had dos yang disyorkan bagi bahan binaan. Hasil analisis ke atas nilai indeks aras perwakilan sinar gama, indeks hazard luaran dan indeks hazard dalaman mendapati sebahagian sampel memberikan bacaan melebihi nilai satu, iaitu had yang ditetapkan bagi bahan binaan. Penilaian risiko radiologi kepada penghuni dengan menggunakan kod komputer Resrad-Build mendapati kadar dos dedahan yang berpunca daripada simen Portland, pasir dan batu kerikil meningkat pada setiap tahun sepanjang tempoh 50 tahun.

 

Kata kunci: Bahan binaan; bahan radioaktif tabii; risiko radiologi; Resrad-Build

 

ABSTRACT

 

The use of building materials containing high concentration of naturally occurring radioactive material (NORM) may result in the increase of radiation dose rate inside the building. The assessment of radiological hazard in building materials is necessary due to the concern of radiological impact to its dwellers. Thus, the objectives of this study were to determine the level of natural radioactivity in Malaysia’s building materials and to assess the associated radiological risk among dwellers. A total of 46 sands, 43 gravels and 13 Portland cement samples have been analysed using a gamma spectrometry system. Activity concentrations of 226Ra, 232Th and 40K were found to be in the range of 4.4 Bq kg-1 to 354.9 Bq kg-1, 2.4 Bq kg-1 to 263.9 Bq kg-1 and 15.1 Bq kg-1 to 1931.7 Bq kg-1, respectively. The indoor dose rates were found to be lower than 1500 μSv year-1, which is the recommended limit for building materials. A few samples were found to have high values of the representative gamma level index, external hazard index and internal hazard index compared to the suggested value of one. The radiological risk assessments to dwellers using Resrad-Build computer code showed that the dose rates for the Portland cement, sand and gravel increased annually over a period of 50 years.

 

Keywords: Building materials; natural radioactivity; radiological risk; Resrad-Build

 

 

RUJUKAN

 

Ahmed, N.K. 2005. Measurement of natural radioactivity in building materials in Qena city, Upper Egypt. Environ. Radioactivity 83: 91-99.

Amrani, D. & Tahtat, M. 2001. Natural radioactivity in Algerian building materials. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 54: 687-689.

Anjos, R.M., Veiga, R., Soares, T., Santos, A.M.A., Aguiar, J.G., Frasc‡, M.H.B.O., Brage, J.A.P., Uz da, D., Mangiaa, L., Facure, A., Mosquera, B., Carvalho, C. & Gomes, P.R.S. 2005. Natural radionuclide distribution in Brazilian commercial granites. Rad. Measurements 39: 245-253.

Aznan, F. I., Yasir, M.S., Amran, Ab. M., Redzuwan, Y. & Ismail, B. 2009. Hazard radiologi radionuklid tabii dalam simen Portland Semenanjung Malaysia. Sains Malaysiana 38(3): 129-133.

Azlina, M.J., Ismail, B., Yasir, M.S., Sakuma, S.K. & Khairuddin, M.K. 2003. Radiological impact assessment of radioactive minerals of amang and ilmenite on future landuse using RESRAD computer code. Appl. Rad. Isot. 58: 413-419.

El-Arabi, A.M., Adel, G.E.A. & Hussein, A.S. 2006. Gamma-ray measurements of natural radioactivity in sedimentary rocks from Egypt. Nuc. Sci. Tech. 17: 123-128.

EU Recommendation No. 112, 1999. Radiological Protection Principles Concerning the Natural Radioactivity of Building Materials. European Commission: Luxembourg.

Fathivand, A.A. & Amidi, J. 2007. Assessment of natural radioactivity and the associated hazard in iranian cement. Rad. Prot. Dosimetry 124: 145-147.

IAEA Technical Report No. 295. 1989. Measurement of Radionuclides in Food and the Environment. Vienna: IAEA.

ICRP. 1977. Publication 26: Recomendation of International Comission on Radiological Protection. Oxford: Pergamon Press.

ICRP. 1990. Publication 60: Recomendation of International Comission on Radiological Protection. Oxford: Pergamon Press.

Ismail, B., Nasirian, M. & Pauzi, A. 2007. Radioactivity and radiological risk associated with effluent sediment containing technologically enhanced naturally occurring radioactive materials in amang (tin tailings) processing industry. Environ. Radioactivity 95: 161-170.

James, A. & Patrick, T. 2007. Simplified Design of Concrete Structures. Ed. ke- 2. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons.

Kobeissi, M.A., El-Samad, O., Zahraman, K., Milky, S., Bahsoun, F. & Abumurad, K.M. 2008. Natural radioactivity measurements in building materials in Southern Lebanon. Environ. Radioactivity 99: 1279-1288.

Krieger, R. 1981. Radioactivity of Construction Materials. Betonwerk + Fertigteil-Techn. 47: 468-473.

Lee, E. M., Menezes, G. & Finch, E.C. 2004. Natural radioactivity in building materials in the Republic of Ireland. Health Phys. 86: 378-383.

Lu, X., Wang, F., Jia, X. & Wang, L. 2007. Radioactive analysis and radiological hazards of lime and cement fabricated in China. IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science 54: 327-332.

Markkanen, M. 2001. Challenges in harmonising controls on the radioactivity of building materials within the European Union. The Science of the Total Environ. 272: 3-7.

NEA-OECD. 1979. Exposure to Radiation from Natural Radioactivity in Building Materials. Report by NAE Group Expert, OECD: Paris.

Pavlidou, S., Koroneos, A., Papastefanou, C., Christofides, G., Stoulos, S. & Vavelides, M. 2006. Natural radioactivity of granites used as building material. Environ. Radioactivity 89: 48-60.

Petropoulos, N.P., Anagnostakis, M.J. & Simopoulos, S.E., 2002. Photon attenuation, natural radioactivity content and radon exhalation rate of building materials. Environ. Radioactivity 61: 257-269.

Razak, A.H. 2008. Auditan Kerja-kerja Konkrit. JKR Malaysia.

Sharaf, M., Mansy, M., El Sayed, A. & Abbas, E. 1999. Natural radioactivity and radon exhalation rates in building materials used in Egypt. Rad. Measurement 31: 491-495.

Slunga, E. 1988. Radon classification of building ground. Radiat. Prot. Dosim. 24: 39-42.

UNSCEAR. 1993. Sources and biological effects. United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation. Report to General Assembly, with Annexes. New York: United Nations.

UNSCEAR. 2000. Exposures from Natural Radiation Sources. United Nations Scientific Committee on the effects of Atomic Radiation. Report to General Assembly, with Annexes. New York: United Nations.

Yasir, M.S., Majid, A. Ab. & Yahaya, R. 2007. Study of natural radionuclides and its radiation hazard index in Malaysia building material. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. 273: 539-541.

Yu, C., LePoire, D.J., Cheng, J.J., Gnanapragasam E., Kamboj, S., Arnish, J., Biwer, B.M., Zielen, A.J., Williams, W.A., Wallo, III A. & Peterson, Jr. H.T. 2003. User’s Manual for RESRAD-BUILD Version 3. Argonne’s Information and Publishing Division: US.

 

*Pengarang untuk surat-menyurat; email: aznan_sn@yahoo.com

 

 

 

sebelumnya