Sains Malaysiana 41(12)(2012): 1509–1515
Harmful
Algal Blooms in Malaysian Waters
(Ledakan Alga Berbahaya di Perairan Malaysia)
Lim Po Teen*
Faculty of Resource Science
and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak
94300 Kota Samarahan,
Sarawak, Malaysia
Usup Gires
Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti
Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi
Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
Leaw Chui Pin
Institute of Biodiversity and Environmental
Conservation, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak
94300 Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia
Diserahkan: 21 Jun 2010 / Diterima: 5 Mac 2012
ABSTRACT
Harmful algal blooms (HABs) events have been increasingly reported
in the country, not only of the frequency and severity of the events, but also
involved more species than previously known. In this paper, a decadal review of HABs
events in Malaysia is summarized. Bloom events caused by harmful dinoflagellate
species including the shellfish poisoning events were highlighted. Paralytic
shellfish poisoning (PSP) is no longer restricted to Sabah coasts
and Pyrodnium bahamense.
Bloom of Alexandrium minutum was reported for the first time in the
Peninsula with six persons hospitalized including one casualty after consuming
the contaminated benthic clams. Algal blooms that are associated with incidence
of massive fish kills have been reported from both east and west coasts of the
Peninsula in conjunction to finfish mariculture loses. The culprits of these
bloom events have been identified as the dinoflagellates, Cochlodinium
polykrikoides, Neoceratium furca, Prorocentrum minimum, Noctiluca scintillans and
a raphidophyte, Chatonella ovata. In this paper, some of these HABs
species were characterized morphologically and genetically, including their
toxicity. Therefore, with the increase of coastal utilization and
eutrophication, prevention, management and mitigation strategies, such as site
selection, moving pens, clay spraying should be adopted to minimize the impact
of these natural events.
Keywords: Diatom; dinoflagellates; harmful algal blooms; Malaysia;
mitigation
ABSTRAK
Laporan kejadian ledakan alga berbahaya (HAB)
yang kian meningkat bukan sahaja daripada segi kekerapan kejadian, tetapi juga
melibatkan lebih banyak spesies yang tidak diketahui sebelumnya. Dalam kertas ini, pelbagai
kejadian HAB pada dekad yang lepas telah dirumuskan. Kejadian
ledakan akibat dinoflagelat yang berbahaya dan keracunan kerang-kerangan juga
dititik beratkan. Keracunan kerang-kerangan yang melumpuhkan (PSP)
tidak lagi tertumpu hanya pada perairan Sabah dan Pyrodinium bahamense. Ledakan Alexandrium
minutum telah dilaporkan untuk kali pertama di perairan Semenanjung dan
menyebabkan enam mangsa keracunan akibat termakan
lokan tercemar. Satu kes kematian direkodkan. Ledakan alga juga menyebabkan kejadian kematian ikan secara
besar-besaran dan kerugian marikultur di perairan timur dan barat Semenanjung. Organisma penyebab kejadian tersebut telah dikenal pasti sebagai dinoflagelat; Chlocodinium
polykrikoides, Prorocentrum minimum dan Noctiluca scintillans serta
satu rafidofit; Chatonella ovata. Sebahagian
daripada spesies HAB tersebut telah dikenal pasti secara
morfologi, genetik dan toksisiti. Oleh itu, dengan peningkatan
penggunaan perairan pantai dan proses eutrofikasi, strategi pencegahan,
pengurusan dan mitigasi seperti pemilihan lokasi, pemindahan sangkar,
penyemburan tanah liat harus diguna pakai dalam usaha meminimumkan impak
kejadian semula jadi ini.
Kata kunci: Diatom; dinoflagelat; ledakan alga berbahaya;
Malaysia; mitigasi
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*Pengarang untuk surat-menyurat; email: ptlim@frst.unimas.my