Sains
Malaysiana 42(7)(2013): 927–935
In Vitro Cytotoxic
and Antiproliferative Effects of
Portulaca oleracea L. Methanol Extract
on Breast, Cervical, Colon
and Nasopharyngeal Cancerous Cell Lines
(Sitotosik In Vitro dan Kesan Perencatan Proliferatif oleh Portulaca
oleracea L. Pati Metanol Terhadap Sel Kanser Payudara, Serviks, Kolon dan
Nasofarinks)
Gek
Choo Sarah Tan, Kar Mun Wong, Gui Qi Pearle-Wong, Siau Li Yeo & Beow Chin
Yiap
Department
of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, International Medical
University
57000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Swee Keong Yeap
Institute of Bioscience, University
Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor D.E. Malaysia
Hueh Zan Chong*
Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Pharmacy
and Health Sciences
International Medical University, 57000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Diserahkan: 2 April 2012/Diterima: 6 Disember 2012
ABSTRACT
Portulaca oleracea is a ubiquitous garden weed that has been
traditionally used as antidiabetic and anti-inflammation agent. However, the
potential anti-proliferative and cytotoxic effects of Portulaca oleracea towards
cancerous cells are still unclear. Human hormone dependent breast cancer MCF-7
cell, colon cancer HT-29, cervical cancer Hela cell and nasopharyngeal cancer CNE-1
cell were used in this study. P. oleracea was
extracted using methanol and the cytotoxicity against various cancerous cell
lines was evaluated using 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium
bromide solution (MTT) assay. The antiproliferation
effect and cell cycle arrest were assessed using BrdU proliferation assay and
flow cytometry cell cycle RNase/PI analysis, respectively. Portulaca
oleracea methanol extract was able to reduce viability of all the tested
cancerous cell lines. However, IC50 was only observed in CNE-1
cell (92 μg/mL). BrdU incorporation assay indicated anti-proliferation of Portulaca
oleracea treated MCF-7 cells in a dose-dependent
manner. A significant increase in the sub G0/G1cell population phase observed
by cell cycle analysis indicates the occurrence of apoptotic events. In
conclusion, Portulaca oleracea showed anti-proliferative effect on CNE-1,
HeLa and HT-29 and DNA fragmentation on MCF-7
cells.
Keywords: BrdU; cell cycle; MCF-7; Portulaca oleracea
ABSTRAK
Portulaca oleracea adalah sejenis rumpai taman yang digunakan secara tradisi sebagai agen antidiabetik dan anti-keradangan.
Walau bagaimanapun, kesan potensi anti-proliferatif dan sitotosik Portulaca oleracea terhadap sel-sel kanser masih tidak jelas. Sel kanser payudara yang bergantung kepada hormon MCF-7,
sel kanser kolon HT-29, sel kanser serviks Hela dan sel
kanser nasofarinks CNE-1 telah digunakan dalam kajian
ini. Portulaca oleracea telah diekstrak dengan metanol
dan kesan sitotosiknya terhadap pelbagai jenis kanser telah dikaji menggunakan
pengasaian 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide
solution (MTT). Kesan
anti-proliferatif dan tangkapan kitaran sel telah dinilai melalui pengasaian
BrdU dan analisis kitaran sel Rnase/PI menggunakan aliran
sitometri. Metanol ekstrak Portulaca oleracea dapat mengurangkan
kebolehhidupan untuk kesemua sel kanser yang diuji. Akan
tetapi, IC50 hanya dapat diperoleh pada sel CNE-1
(92 μg/mL). Pengasaian BrdU menunjukkan kesan anti-percambahan oleh Portulaca oleracea terhadap sel MCF-7 adalah bergantung kepada
kepekatan. Peningkatan sel populasi yang ketara pada fasa
G0/G1 telah didapati pada analisis kitaran sel menandakan berlakunya apoptosis. Kesimpulannya, Portulaca oleracea menunjukkan kesan anti-proliferatif
terhadap sel CNE-1, Hela dan HT-29 dan kesan DNA fragmentasi
terhadap sel MCF-7.
Kata kunci: BrdU; kitaran sel; MCF-7; Portulaca oleracea
RUJUKAN
Ahmida, M.H. 2010. Evaluation
of in vivo antioxidant and hepatoprotective activity of Portulaca
oleracea L. against paracetamol-induced liver toxicity in male rats. Am. J. Pharm. and Toxicol. 5(4): 167-176.
Androutsopoulos, V.P.,
Papakyriakou, A., Vourloumis, D., Tsatsakis, A.M. & Spandidos, D.A. 2010. Dietary flavonoids in cancer therapy and
prevention: Subtrates and inhibitors of cytochorme P450 CYP1 enzymes. Pharmacol.
Therapeut. 126: 9-20.
Bosi, G., Guarrera, P.A., Rinaldi, R.
& Mazzanti, M.B. 2009. Ethnobotany of purslane (Portulaca oleracea) in Italy and
the morphobiometric analyses of seeds from archaeological sites in the Emilia Romangna Region (northern Italy). Plants and Culture: Seeds of the
Cultural Heritage of Europe. pp. 129-139.
Boskabady, M.H., Broushaki, M.T. & Aslani, M.R. 2004. Relaxant effect of Portulaca oleracea on guinea pig tracheal
chains and its possible mechanism(s) of action. Med. Hypotheses Res. 1:
139-147.
Casagrande, F. & Darbon, J.M. 2001. Effect of
structurally related flavonoids on cell cycle progression of human melanoma
cells: Regulation of cyclin-dependent kinases CDK 2 and CDK 1. Biochem.
Pharmacol. 61: 1205-1215.
Chan, K., Islam, M.W., Kamil, M.,
Radhakrishnan, R., Zakaria, M.N.H., Habibulah, M. & Attas, A. 2000. The analgesic and anti-inflammatory
effects of Portulaca oleracea L. subsp. sativa (haw.) celak. J. Ethnopharmacol. 73: 445-451.
Chen, T., Wang, J., Li, Y., Shen, J.,
Zhao, T. & Zhang, H. 2010. Sulfated modification and cytotoxicity of Portulaca oleracea L.
polysaccharides. Glycoconj. J. 27: 635-642.
Cheng, H., Li, S., Fan, Y., Gao, X., Hao, M., Wang, J.,
Zhang, X., Tai, G. & Zhou, Y. 2011. Comparative study of
the antiproliferative effects of ginseng polysaccharides on HT-29 human colon
cancer cells. Med. Oncol. 28: 175-181.
Chu, Y.F., Sun, J., Wu, X. & Liu,
R.H. 2002. Antioxidant and
antiproliferative activities of common vegetables. J. Agric. Food
Chem. 50: 6910-6916.
Dkhil, M.A., Abdel, Moniem, A.E., Al-Quraishy, S. &
Saleh, R.A. 2011. Antioxidant effect of purslane (Portulaca
oleracea) and its mechanism of action. J. Med. Plant Res. 5(9):
1589-1593.
Dweck, A.C. 2001. Purslane (Portulaca
oleracea) – the global panacea. Personal Care Magazine 2001
(cited 2011 July 15); 2(4): 7-15. Available from: URL:
http://www.dweckdata.com/Published_papers/Portulaca_oleracea.pdf
Follen, M., Meyskens, F.L., Alvarez, R.D., Walker, J.L.,
Bell, M.C., Storthz, K.A., Sastry, J., Roy, K., Richards-Kortum, R. &
Cornelison, T.L. 2003. Cervical cancer chemoprevention, vaccines, and surrogate
endpoint biomarkers. Cancer 98: 2044 -2051.
Global Information Hub on Integrated Medicine: Portulaca
oleracea L. [cited Oct 17, 2011]. Available from: URL:
http://www.globinmed.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=79456:portulaca-oleracea-l&catid=380:p
Gong, F., Li, F., Zhang, L., Li, J., Zhang, Z. & Wang,
G. 2009. Hypoglycaemic effects of crude polysaccharide from
Purslane. Int. J. of Mol. Sci. 10: 880-888.
Li, F., Li, Q., Gao, D., Peng, Y. &
Feng, C. 2009. Preparation and
antidiabetic activity of polysaccharide from Portulaca oleracea L. Afr.
J. of Biotech. 8(4): 569-573.
Lim, D.Y., Cho, H.J., Kim, J., Nho,
C.W., Lee, K.W. & Park, J.H.Y. 2012. Luteolin decreases IGF-IIproduction and downregulates insulin-like growth
factor-Ireceptor signaling in HT-29 human colon cancer cells. BMC Gastroenterology 12: 9.
Lim, D.Y., Jeong, Y., Tyner, A.L. & Park, J.H.Y. 2007.
Induction of cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in HT-29 human colon cancer cells
by the dietary compound luteolin. Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver
Physiol. 292: G66-G75.
Lim, Y.Y. & Quah, E.P.L. 2007. Antioxidant
properties of different cultivars of Portulaca oleracea. Food
Chem. 103: 734-740.
Liu, L., Howe, P., Zhou, Y.F., Xu,
Z.Q., Hocart, C. & Zhang, R. 2000. Fatty acids and beta-carotene in Australian purslane (Portulaca
oleracea) varieties. J. Chromatogr. A. 893: 207-213.
Manach, C., Scalbert, A., Morand, C.,
Rémésy, C. & Jiménez, L. 2004. Polyphenols: Food sources and bioavailability. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 79: 727-747.
Mangalan, S., Daniel, M. & Sabnis,
S.D. 1989. Nutritional and phytochemical
aspects of some vegetables of centrospermae. J. Econ. Tax Bot. 13:
227-230.
Oliveira, I., Valentao, P., Lopes, R.,
Andrade, P.B. & Bento, A. 2009. Phytochemical characterisation and radical scavenging activity of Portulaca
oleracea L. leaves and stems. Microchem. J. 92: 129-134.
Radhakkrishnan, R., Zakaria, M.N.M.,
Islam, M.W., Chen, H.B., Kamil, M., Chan, K. & Attas, A. 2001. Neuropharmacological actions of Portulaca
oleracea L v. sativa (Hawk). J. Ethnopharmacol. 76: 171-176.
Rashed, A.N., Afifi, F.U. & Disi,
A.M. 2003. Simple evaluation of
the wound healing activity of a crude extract of Portulaca oleracea L.
(growing in Jordan) in Mus musculus JVI-1. J. Ethnopharmacol. 88: 131-136.
Sanja, S.D., Sheth, N.R., Patel, N.K.,
Patel, D., Patel, B. & Patel, C. 2009. Evaluation of anti-inflammatory activity of Portulaca oleracea in
carrageenan-induced paw oedema in rats. Journal of
Herbal Medicine and Toxicology 3(2): 59-62.
Srivastava, R., Saluja, D.,
Dwarakanath, B.S. & Chopra, M. 2009. Inhibition of human cervical cancer cell growth by ethanolic
extract of Boerhaavia diffusa Linn. (Punarnava) Root. Evid-Based
Compl. and Alt. Article ID 427031.
Sulaiman, S.F., Sajak, A.A.B., Ooi, K.L., Supriatno &
Seow, E.M. 2011. Effects of solvent in extracting polyphenols and antioxidants
of selected raw vegetables. J. of Food Compos and
Anal. 24: 506-515.
Wang, T.S., Chen, L.J., Zhang, S.T., Lin, J.M. & Wang,
Z.Y. 2011. Purified alkaloids extract from Scutellaria barbata inhibits
proliferation of nasopharyngeal carcinoma CNE-1 cells by inducing apoptosis and
cell cycle arrest at S phase. J. Med. Plants Res. 5(16): 3687-3696.
Xiang, L., Xing, D., Wang, W., Wang,
R., Ding, Y. & Du, L. 2005. Alkaloids form Portulaca oleracea L. Phytochemistry 66:
2595-2601.
Xin, H.L., Xu, Y.F., Yue, X.Q., Hou, Y.H., Li, M. &
Ling, C.Q. 2008. Analysis of chemical constituents in extract
from Portulaca oleracea L. with GC-MS method. Pharmaceut. J.
Chin. People’s Liberat. Army 24: 133-136.
Xu, X., Yu, L. & Chen, G. 2006. Determination of flavonoids in Portulaca
oleracea L. by capillary electrophoresis with electrochemical detection. J. Pharmaceut. Biomed. Anal. 41: 493-499.
Yang, H.L., Chen, C.S., Chang, W.H., Lu, F.J., Lai, Y.C.,
Chen, C.C., Hseu, T.H., Kuo, C.T. & Hseu, Y.C. 2006. Growth inhibition and
induction of apoptosis in MCF-7 breast cancer cells by Antrodia camphorata.
Cancer Lett. 231: 215-227.
Zhang, M., Chen, H., Huang, J., Li, Z., Zhu, C. & Zhang,
S. 2005. Effects of lycium barbarum polysaccharide on human hepatoma QGY7703
cells: Inhibition of proliferation and induction of apoptosis. Life Sci. 76:
2115-2124.
Zhang, Q., Zhao, X.H. & Wang, Z.J. 2009. Cytotoxicity of flavones and flavonols to a human esophageal
squamous cell carcinoma cell line (KYSE-510) by induction of G2/M
arrest and apoptosis. Toxicology 23: 797-807.
Zhang, Z., Knobloch, T.J., Seamon, L.G., Stoner, G.D., Cohn,
D.E., Paskett, E.D., Fowler, J.M. & Weghorst, C.M. 2011. A black raspberry
extract inhibits proliferation and regulates apoptosis in cervical cancer cells. Gynecol. Oncol. 123: 401-406.
*Pengarang
untuk surat-menyurat; email: meganjournal@gmail.com
|