Sains Malaysiana 42(8)(2013):
1181–1190
Pengetahuan
Pemakanan dan Pengambilan Suplemen dalam Kalangan
Anggota
Tentera Laut Diraja Malaysia
(Nutrition Knowledge and Supplements Intake Among Royal Malaysian
Navy Personnel)
Razalee Sedek*
Program Sains Makanan, Fakulti Sains dan Teknologi Makanan
Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor D.E., Malaysia
Poh Bee Koon
Jabatan Pemakanan dan Dietetik, Fakulti Sains Kesihatan Bersekutu
Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz
50300 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Ismail Mohd Noor
Fakulti Perubatan dan Sains Kesihatan, Universiti Sultan Zainal
Abidin (UniSZA)
Gong Badak Kampus, Gong Badak, 21300 Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu
Darul Iman
Malaysia
Diserahkan: 28 Mei 2012 /Diterima: 25 Januari 2013
ABSTRAK
Kajian pengetahuan pemakanan dalam kalangan pelbagai kumpulan
populasi kerap dilaporkan tetapi kajian berkaitan dalam kalangan tentera jarang
dilaporkan. Tujuan kajian ini adalah untuk menentukan tahap pengetahuan
pemakanan dan amalan penggunaan suplemen dalam kalangan anggota Tentera Laut
Diraja Malaysia (TLDM). Sejumlah 909 anggota TLDM berpangkalan di
Lumut, Kuantan dan Johor terlibat dalam kajian ini. Soal selidik digunakan bagi
menentukan latar belakang, ciri-ciri sosio demografi, pengetahuan pemakanan dan
penggunaan suplemen. Pengukuran antropometri yang dijalankan termasuk berat dan
tinggi. Keputusan menunjukkan bahawa min skor pengetahuan pemakanan subjek
ialah 62.5% iaitu pada tahap pengetahuan sederhana. Min skor pengetahuan pemakanan
adalah lebih tinggi dalam kalangan anggota di Pangkalan Lumut, lebih berusia,
lebih berpendidikan, berpangkat pegawai dan berat badan berlebihan. Sumber
maklumat pemakanan yang paling popular ialah televisyen/radio (27.3%),
kursus/seminar (24.9%) dan doktor/jururawat (21.6%). Sejumlah 36% subjek
melaporkan menggunakan sekurang-kurangnya satu atau lebih suplemen dalam
seminggu dan ini termasuk 5.8% yang menggunakannya setiap hari. Kajian asas ini
dijangka memberikan maklumat berguna kepada Angkatan Tentera Malaysia dan
adalah dicadangkan pendidikan pemakanan perlu diperkenalkan dalam program
latihan anggota TLDM bagi memastikan status kesihatan anggota
sentiasa terpelihara.
Kata kunci: Anggota TLDM; Angkatan Tentera Malaysia; pengetahuan
pemakanan; suplemen
ABSTRACT
Studies on nutrition knowledge in various population groups have
often been reported but such studies among the Armed Forces are rarely
reported. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the status of nutrition
knowledge and the intake of supplements among the Royal Malaysian Navy (RMN)
personnel. A total of 909 RMN personnel based in Lumut, Kuantan and
Johor had participated in this study. Questionnaire were used to assess the
socio demographic variables, nutrition knowledge and supplements intake.
Anthropometric measurements included height and weight. The results showed that
the mean nutrition knowledge score was 62.5% corresponding to a moderate level
of knowledge. Nutrition knowledge score was higher in subjects from Lumut base,
older ages, more educated, officers and overweight personnel. The most common
sources of nutrition information were from television/radio (27.3%),
courses/seminar (24.9%) and doctors/nurses (21.6%). Of the 36% subjects that
were reported, taking at least one or more supplements, 5.8% used them daily.
This baseline study is expected to provide useful information to the Malaysian
Armed Forces and it is suggested that nutrition education be incorporated in
the RMN training programmes to ensure that the good health status of the
personnel to be maintained.
Keywords: Malaysian Armed Forces; nutrition
knowledge; RMN personnel; supplements
RUJUKAN
Amamoto, R., Dozono, M. & Toyama, K. 2004.
The relationship between dietary life and indefinite complaint in female nutrition
department students. Seinan Jo Gakuin Bulletin 3: 75-85.
American Dietetic Association’s Public Relations
Team. 2000. Nutrition and you: Trends. J. Am. Diet. Assoc. 100: 626-627.
American Dietetic Association, Dietitians of
Canada, & the American College of Sports Medicine. 2000. Position paper:
Nutrition and athletic performance. J. Am. Diet. Assoc. 100(12):
1543-1556.
Arsenault, J. & Kennedy, J. 1999. Dietary
supplement use in U.S. Army Special Operations candidates. Milit. Med.
164: 495-501.
Bovill, M.E., Tharion, W.J. & Lieberman,
H.R. 2003. Nutrition knowledge and supplement use among elite U.S. Army
Soldiers. Milit. Med. 168(12): 997
Burke, L.M. 2001. Nutritional practices of male
and female endurance cyclists. Sports Med. 31: 521-32.
Congeni, J. & Miller, S. 2002. Supplements
and drugs used to enhance athletic performance. Pediatric Clinics of North
America 49(2): 435-461.
Conway, T.L. 1989. Behavioral, psychological,
and demographic predictors of physical fitness. Psychol. Rep. 65(3): 1123-1135.
Fatimah, S., Ahmad Ali, Z., Norlela, M.S.,
Safiah, M.Y. & Siti Haslinda, M.D. 2008. Malaysian Adult Nutrition Survey
2003: Dietary supplement use among adults aged 18 to 59 years. Kementerian
Kesihatan Malaysia.
Greenwood, M.R.C. & Oria, M. 2008. Use of
dietary supplements by military personnel. Washington, DC. Institute of
Medicine. Executive Summary 2008.
Habash, D. 2000. High school athletes. In Sports
Nutrition: A Guide for the Professional Working With Active People, edited
by Rosenbloom, C.A. Chicago: The American Dietetic Association. pp. 271-294.
Harvey-Berino, J., Hood, V., Rourke, J.,
Terrance, T. & Dowaldt, A. 1997. Food preferences predict eating behavior
of very young Mohauk children. J. Am. Diet. Assoc. 97(4): 750-753.
Jacobson, B.H., Sobonya, C. & Ransone, J.
2001. Nutrition practices and knowledge of college varsity athletes: A
follow-up. J. Strength Cond. Res. 15: 63-68.
Messerer, M., Johansson, S.E. & Wolk, A.
2001. Use of dietary supplements and natural remedies increased dramatically
during the 1990s. J. Intern. Med. 250: 160-166.
Mohammad, R.N. 2006. The importance of body
weight and weight management for military personnel. Milit. Med. 171:
550-555.
Nancy, C., Connie, E.V. & Sheldon, M. 2005.
Sports nutrition for young athletes. J. Sch. Nursing 21: 323-328.
Nik Shanita, S. 2005. Pembangunan dan penentuan
indeks glisemik serta jenis karbohidrat makanan pilihan atlet ketahanan tinggi.
Tesis Doktor Falsafah. Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (tidak diterbitkan).
NCCFN (National Coordinating Committee on Food
and Nutrition). 1997. Kajian Pengetahuan, sikap dan amalan makanan dan
pemakanan (orang dewasa). Kementerian Kesihatan Malaysia.
Nolte, R., Franckowiak, S.C., Crespo, C.J. &
Andersen, R.E. 2002. U.S. military weight standards: What percentage of U.S.
young adults meet the current standards? Am. J. Med. 11: 486-490.
Norimah, A.K., Nik Shanita, S., Safiah, M.Y., Norazliana, M.N.,
Zawiah, A. & Tee, E.S. 2008. Nutrition knowledge among Malaysian elderly. Jurnal
Sains Kesihatan Malaysia 6(2): 43-54.
Noor-Aini, M.Y., Ong, F.B., Adeeb, N., Seri,
S.S., Shamsuddin, K., Mohamed, A.L., Hapizah, N., Mokhtar, A. & Wan, H.W.H.
2006. Diet, nutritional knowledge and health status of urban middle-aged
Malaysian women. Asia Pac. J .Clin. Nutr. 15(3): 388-399.
Rockwell, M.S., Nickols-Richardson, S.M. &
Thye, F.W. 2001. Nutrition knowledge, opinions, and practices of coaches and
athletic trainers at a Division I university. Int. J. Sport Nutr. and Exerc.
Metab. 11(2): 174-185.
Rosenbloom, C.A., Jonnalagadda, S.S. &
Skinner, R. 2002. Nutrition knowledge of collegiate athletes in a Division I
national collegiate athletic association institution. J. Am. Diet. Assoc. 102(3):
418-420.
Sarah Sabreina, M.S. 2003. Keberkesanan pakej
pendidikan pemakanan yang diimplemantasi di kalangan pelajar-pelajar sekolah
menengah di Wilayah Persekutuan dan Selangor. Tesis Sarjana Sains. Universiti
Kebangsaan Malaysia (tidak diterbitkan).
Schneider, K., Hervig, L.K., Prusaczyk, W.K.
& Goforth, H.W. 1998. Use of supplements by U.S. Navy SEALS. Med. Sci.
Sports Exerc. 3: S60.
Shifflett, B., Timm, C. & Kahanov, L. 2002.
Understanding of athletes’ nutritional needs among athletes, coaches, and
athletic trainers. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport 73(3): 357-362.
Singh, A., Moses, F.M. & Deuster, P.A. 1992.
Chronic multivitamin-mineral supplementation does not enhance physical
performance. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 24: 726-732.
Sobal, J. & Marquart, L.F. 1994.
Vitamin/mineral supplement use among athletes: A review of the literature. Int.
J. Sport Nutr. 4: 320-334.
Stafleu, A., Van Staveren, W.A., De Graaf, C.,
Burema, J. & Hautvast, J. 1996. Nutrition knowledge and attitudes towards
high-fat foods and low-fat alternatives in three generations of women. Eur. J.
Clin. Nutr. 50: 33-41.
Stephens, M.B. & Olsen, C. 2001. Ergogenic
supplements and health risk behaviors. J. Fam. Prac. 50: 696-699.
Trent, L.K. 1992. Nutrition knowledge of
active-duty Navy personnel. J. Am. Diet. Assoc. 92: 724-728.
Van der Beek, E.J., Van Dokkum, W., Schrijver, J., Wesstra, J.A.
& Van de Weerd, R.J. 1984. Effect of marginal vitamin intake on
physiological performance in man. Int. J. Sports Med. 5: 28-31.
Wardle, J., Parmenter, K. & Waller, J. 2000. Nutrition
knowledge and food intake. Appetite 34: 269-275.
Wirthlin Worldwide. 2002. Nutrition and You: Trends 2002.
Chicago: American Dietetic Association.
Worsley, A. 2002. Nutrition knowledge and food consumption: Can
nutrition knowledge change food behaviour? Asia Pac. J. Clin. Nutr. 11(Suppl.):
S579-S585.
Young, C.R. & Stephens, M.B. 2009. Sports and nutritional
supplement use in USMC recruits: A pilot study. Milit. Med. 174(2):
158-161.
*Pengarang untuk surat-menyurat; email: razalee@ukm.my
|