Sains Malaysiana 43(11)(2014):
1665–1671
Growth
Characteristics, Water and Nitrogen Use Efficiencies of Spinach
in Different Water
and Nitrogen Levels
(Ciri Pertumbuhan,
Air dan Kecekapan Penggunaan Nitrogen Bayam
dalam Tahap Air dan Nitrogen yang Berbeza)
JINXIU ZHANG1,2, ZHIGANG BEI3, YI ZHANG2 & LINKUI CAO2*
1School
of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University
Shanghai 200240, China
2Key
Laboratory of Urban Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture, P.R.C., Shanghai 200240,
China
3Water Science and
Technology Park in Qingpu District, Shanghai, 201700,
China
Diserahkan: 24 Oktober 2013/Diterima: 20 Mac
2014
ABSTRACT
Water deficit and environmental pollution owing to excessive
nitrogen use have caused considerable attention. In a field experiment, a
combination of three water levels (20, 40 and 60 cm) and nitrogen fertilizer
rates (0, 85 and 170 kg ha-1) was applied. The main objectives
of this study were to optimize water and nitrogen application and exploit their
interactive effects on the growth characteristics, yield and water and nitrogen
use efficiency of spinach. The results showed that water and nitrogen
significantly influenced average plant height and leaf area. Total aboveground
biomass (TB) was affected by nitrogen fertilizer and TB decreased
in water deficit. Adding nitrogen fertilizer amount resulted in higher leaf
chlorophyll content and chlorophyll content obtained the maximum value in N2 treatment,
but chlorophyll content was not affected by water deficit. Spinach yield was
higher at N1 compared with N0 and N2 at
all water levels. Abundant water supply resulted in the highest spinach yield,
but yield reduced at lower water level (W3). The correlation analysis
between spinach yield and leaf number was relatively weak (R2=0.58). On the contrast,
the correlation analysis between spinach yield and leaf weight showed a correlationship (R2=0.91),
indicating that leaf weight was the primary reason for yield increase in all
treatments. Nitrogen fertilization significantly decreased NUE in
all the treatments. WUE of spinach increased with adding
nitrogen application in most conditions.
Keywords: Biomass; growth; nitrogen use efficiency; water; yield
ABSTRAK
Defisit air dan pencemaran alam sekitar yang disebabkan oleh penggunaan nitrogen secara berlebihan telah mendapat perhatian umum. Dalam kajian yang dijalankan, gabungan tiga peringkat air (20, 40 dan 60 cm) dan kadar baja nitrogen (0, 85 dan 170 kg ha-1) telah digunakan. Objektif utama kajian ini adalah untuk mengoptimumkan aplikasi air dan nitrogen dan mengeksploitasi kesan interaktif ciri-ciri pertumbuhan, hasil serta air dan nitrogen menggunakan kecekapan bayam. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahawa air dan nitrogen ketara mempengaruhi purata ketinggian pokok dan luas daun. Jumlah biojisim atas permukaan tanah (TB) terjejas akibat baja nitrogen dan TB menurun dalam defisit air. Tambahan jumlah baja nitrogen telah meningkatkan kandungan klorofil daun yang tinggi dan kandungan klorofil telah mencapai nilai maksimum dalam rawatan N2 tetapi kandungan klorofil tidak terjejas akibat kekurangan air. Hasil bayam adalah lebih tinggi pada N1 berbanding N0 dan N2 dalam semua peringkat air. Bekalan air
yang banyak telah menghasilkan jumlah bayam yang tinggi, tetapi hasil berkurangan pada tahap air yang lebih rendah (W3). Analisis korelasi antara hasil bayam dan jumlah daun adalah agak lemah (R2= 0.58). Sebaliknya, analisis korelasi antara hasil bayam dan berat daun menunjukkan hubungan korelasi (R2=
0.91) yang menunjukkan bahawa berat daun adalah sebab utama peningkatan hasil dalam semua rawatan. Pembajaan nitrogen ketara menurunkan NUE dalam semua rawatan. WUE bayam meningkat dengan penambahan aplikasi nitrogen dalam kebanyakan keadaan.
Kata kunci: Air; biojisim; hasil; kecekapan penggunaan nitrogen; pertumbuhan
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*Pengarang untuk surat-menyurat; email: clk2001@126.com
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