Sains Malaysiana 45(10)(2016):
1423–1434
Evaluation on Efficiency of Pyroligneous
Acid from Palm Kernel Shell as Antifungal and Solid Pineapple
Biomass as Antibacterial and Plant Growth Promoter
(Penilaian terhadap Keberkesanan Asid Piroligneus
daripada Tempurung Isirung Sawit sebagai Antikulat dan Sisa Pepejal
Nanas sebagai Antibakteria dan Promoter Pertumbuhan Tumbuhan)
KHOIRUN NISA
MAHMUD1,
MAIZATULAKMAL
YAHAYU1,
SITI
HAJAR
MD.
SARIP1,
NURUL
HUSNA
RIZAN2,
CHAI
BING
MIN2,
NURUL
FARHANA
MUSTAFA2,
SULAIMAN
NGADIRAN1,
SALMIAH
UJANG3
& ZAINUL AKMAR ZAKARIA1*
1Institute of Bioproduct
Development, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Johor Bahru,
Johor Darul Takzim, Malaysia
2Faculty of Chemical
Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Johor Bahru,
Johor Darul Takzim,
Malaysia
3Forest Products
Division, Forest Research Institute Malaysia, 52109 Kepong,
Selangor Darul
Ehsan, Malaysia
Diserahkan: 11
Mac 2015/Diterima: 28 Februari 2016
ABSTRACT
Generation of huge volumes
of lignocellulosic biomass from agricultural sector is of concern
due to its direct effects on the depletion of overall environmental
quality. Conversion of biomass into solid biofuel through pyrolysis
reaction has become one of the solutions to manage the abundance
of biomass. Pyroligneous acid (PA)
produced from the condensation
of smoke generated during biomass carbonization process has the potential
to be applied in various applications based on the diverse active
chemical compounds present. In this study, PA obtained
from palm kernel shell (PKS) was evaluated for antifungal activity
and solid pineapple biomass (PB) was evaluated for antibacterial
and plant growth promoter activities. Higher antifungal activity
was determined for crude PA from PKS (PA-PKS)
and dichloromethane-extract (DPA-PKS) with 0% coverage area
when evaluated using rubber wood blocks against mold and blue
sapstain after for 4 weeks of observation. This antifungal activity
can be attributed to the presence of phenols and its major derivatives
as suggested from the GC-MS
and FTIR analysis. Concentrated PA
from PB
displayed good antibacterial capabilities with almost
similar growth inhibition for Escherichia coli (13±1 to 20±1 mm)
and Corynebacterium agropyri (20±1 mm). PA-PB also
showed good potential as PGP where the addition of 2% (v/v) of
PA-PB
into the fertilizer for okra plant resulted in highest
number of leaves and fruits while 4% (v/v) PA-PB managed to give highest
plant height, longest root, heaviest fruits and biggest leaf diameter.
Thus, this study successfully demonstrated the potential use of
PA obtained from lignocelluosic biomass in various applications.
Keywords: Antibacterial; antifungal;
plant growth promoter; pyroligneous acid
ABSTRAK
Lambakan biojisim lignoselulosa
berpunca daripada aktiviti sektor pertanian adalah membimbangkan
disebabkan oleh kesan langsungnya terhadap pengurangan kualiti
alam sekitar. Penukaran sisa biojisim kepada bahan bakar biopepejal
melalui pelbagai proses seperti pirolisis adalah salah satu langkah
untuk menyelesaikan masalah lambakan biojisim. Asid piroligneus
(PA) yang terhasil daripada proses
penyulingan asap semasa proses pengkarbonan biojisim mempunyai
potensi untuk digunakan dalam pelbagai aplikasi berdasarkan kehadiran
pelbagai sebatian aktif kimia. Dalam kajian ini, PA daripada tempurung isirong
sawit (PKS) dan biojisim nanas (PB)
telah dinilai untuk aktiviti anti-kulat, anti-bakteria dan penggalak
pertumbuhan tumbuhan (PGP). Aktiviti anti-kulat tertinggi ditunjukkan
oleh PA-PKS mentah (PA-PKS)
dan ekstrak diklorometana PA-PKS (DPA-PKS)
dengan 0% luas litupan permukaan oleh kulapuk dan sapstain biru
pada blok kayu getah selepas pemerhatian selama 4 minggu. Aktiviti
antikulat adalah disebabkan kehadiran fenol dan terbitan utamanya
berdasarkan analisis GC-MS dan
FT-IR.
PA
pekat daripada PB menunjukkan keupayaan anti-bakteria
dengan tingkat perencatan pertumbuhan yang sama untuk Escherichia
coli (13±1 to 20±1 mm) dan Corynebacterium agropyri
(20±1 mm). PA-PB
juga menunjukkan potensi untuk digunakan sebagai
PGP dengan
penambahan 2% (v/v) PA-PB kepada baja untuk pokok bendi memberikan
jumlah daun dan buah tertinggi manakala 4% (v/v) PA-PB memberikan
pertumbuhan pokok tertinggi, akar terpanjang, buah terberat dan
diameter daun terbesar. Kesimpulannya, kajian ini telah berjaya
menunjukkan potensi PA daripada biojisim lignoselulosa dalam pelbagai
aplikasi.
Kata kunci: Antibakteria; antikulat; asid piroligneus; promoter pertumbuhan
tumbuhan
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*Pengarang untuk surat-menyurat; email:
zainul@ibd.utm.my
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