Sains Malaysiana 45(3)(2016): 401–409
The Potential of Endophytic Bacteria as
a Biological Control Agent for Ganoderma Disease
in Oil Palm
(Potensi Bakteria Endofit sebagai Agen
Kawalan Biologi untuk Penyakit Ganoderma pada Pokok Sawit)
NUR
RASHYEDA
RAMLI1*,
MAIZATUL
SURIZA
MOHAMED2,
IDRIS
ABU
SEMAN1,
MADIHAH AHMAD
ZAIRUN1
& NASYARUDDIN MOHAMAD3
1Malaysian Palm Oil Board (MPOB),
No. 6, Persiaran Institusi, Bandar Baru Bangi, 43000 Kajang, Selangor
Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
2University of Nottingham, Loughborough,
Leicestershire, LE12 5RD, United Kingdom
3The University of Sydney, NSW 2006,
Australia
Diserahkan: 26 Disember 2014/Diterima:
7 September 2015
ABSTRACT
This study was conducted to
screen the endophytic bacteria as a biological control agent (BCA)
against Ganoderma boninense. A total of 581 endophytic bacteria were successfully
isolated from symptomless oil palm root tissues at Teluk Intan,
Perak, Malaysia. Three endophytic bacteria, Pseudomonas aeruginosa
GanoEB1, Burkholderia cepacia GanoEB2, and Pseudomonas
syringae GanoEB3 were found to have a potential as BCA based on their percentage
inhibition of radial growth (PIRG) in dual culture and culture
filtrate tests. Two nursery trials were conducted to evaluate
the capability of these bacteria to suppress Ganoderma disease
in oil palm seedlings that were artificially infected with G.
boninense using rubber wood block (RWB) sitting technique. The percentage of disease incidence
(DI), severity of foliar symptoms (SFS)
and dead seedlings were used as the assessment tools. As a result,
DI
and SFS
have developed much slower in the seedlings that
were pre-treated with bacteria compared to untreated seedlings.
After 6 months of inoculation, Ganoderma disease incidence
was reduced from 62-75% in the seedlings treated with P. aeruginosa
GanoEB1, followed by B. cepacia GanoEB2 (31-59%) and
P. syringae GanoEB3 (30-31%). Among these three endophytic
bacteria, P. aeruginosa GanoEB1 was the most effective
in controlling Ganoderma disease and the dead seedlings
were in the range of 13.3-26.7%, followed by B. cepacia GanoEB2
(33.3% for both trials) and P. syringae GanoEB3 (33.3-40.0%)
compared to untreated seedlings at 60% for both trials. A field
study needs to be conducted to verify their effectiveness in controlling
Ganoderma in oil palm.
Keywords: Burkholderia;
endophytic bacteria; Ganoderma boninense; Ganoderma
disease; Pseudomonas
ABSTRAK
Suatu kajian telah dijalankan
untuk menyaring bakteria endofit sebagai agen kawalan biologi
terhadap kulat Ganoderma boninense. Sebanyak 581 bakteria endofit telah berjaya
diasingkan daripada tisu akar pokok sawit sihat di Teluk Intan,
Perak, Malaysia. Tiga bakteria endofit telah dikenal
pasti sebagai Pseudomonas aeruginosa GanoEB1, Burkholderia
cepacia GanoEB2 dan Pseudomonas syringae GanoEB3 menunjukkan
potensi sebagai agen kawalan biologi berdasarkan peratus rencatan
pertumbuhan miselium G. boninense yang tinggi dan signifikan.
Dua ujian nurseri telah dijalankan untuk menilai keberkesanan
bakteria ini untuk mengawal penyakit Ganoderma pada anak
sawit. Anak sawit telah dirawat dengan bakteria endofit dan seterusnya
dijangkitkan dengan G. boninense menggunakan teknik blok
kayu getah (RWB).
Peratusan kejadian penyakit (DI), keterukan simptom daun (SFS)
dan kematian anak sawit telah digunakan sebagai alat penilaian.
Melalui hasil kajian ini, kadar peratusan DI dan SFS adalah
lebih rendah pada anak sawit yang telah dirawat dengan bakteria
endofit berbanding dengan
anak sawit yang tidak dirawat. Selepas 6 bulan rawatan, kejadian
penyakit Ganoderma telah dapat dikurangkan pada kadar 62-75%
pada anak sawit yang telah dirawat dengan P. aeruginosa GanoEB1
diikuti oleh B. cepacia GanoEB2 (31-59%) dan P. syringae
GanoEB3 (30-31%). Antara ketiga-tiga bakteria endofit ini, P.
aeruginosa GanoEB1 adalah yang paling berkesan dalam mengawal
penyakit Ganoderma kerana hanya 13.3-26.7% anak sawit telah
mati diikuti oleh B. cepacia GanoEB2 (33.3% untuk kedua-dua
ujian) dan P. syringae GanoEB3 (33.3-40.0%) berbanding
dengan anak sawit yang tidak dirawat pada 60% untuk kedua-dua
ujian. Namun begitu, kajian lapangan perlu dijalankan untuk mengesahkan
keberkesanan bakteria endofit ini dalam mengawal
penyakit Ganoderma pada pokok sawit di ladang.
Kata kunci: Burkholderia; bakteria endofit;
Ganoderma boninense; penyakit Ganoderma; Pseudomonas
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*Pengarang untuk surat-menyurat;
email: shyeda@mpob.gov.my