Sains Malaysiana 45(9)(2016): 1357–1361

Correlation of Cognitive Impairment with Constipation and Renal Failure

(Kolerasi Kecelaan Kognitif dengan Sembelit dan Kegagalan Ginjal)

SIMA ATAOLLAHI ESHKOOR^1,2, TENGKU AIZAN HAMID^1* & CHAN YOKE MUN¹

¹Malaysian Research Institute on Aging (MyAging), Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia

²Iranian Research Center on Aging, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences

Tehran, Iran

Diserahkan: 21 Disember 2015/Diterima: 19 Mei 2016

ABSTRACT

The improvement of health care support has greatly extended the average life expectancy over the last 50 years, which has increased the rate of cognitive decline consequently. The avoidance of risk factors such as toxins, stress and somatic diseases can be protective against the reduction of cognitive function in the elderly. This study aimed to determine the effects of socio-demographic factors, constipation and renal failure on cognitive status among 2322 samples who were the non-institutionalized Malaysian elderly. The multiple logistic regression analysis was applied to estimate the risk of such factors on cognitive decline in subjects. Approximately, 77.54% of samples experienced cognitive impairment. The results showed that advanced age (odds ratio (OR) = 1.03), Malay ethnic (OR = 2.15), constipation (OR = 3.31) and renal failure (OR= 4.42), significantly increased the risk of cognitive impairment in subjects (p<0.05). In addition, education (OR = 0.38) significantly reduced the risk. However, we concluded that age, Malay ethnic, constipation and renal failure increased the risk of cognitive impairment in subjects but education reduced the risk.

Keywords: Cognition; constipation; dementia; renal failure

ABSTRAK

Peningkatan sokongan penjagaan kesihatan telah melanjutkan purata tempoh jangka hayat sejak 50 tahun yang lepas, yang secara tidak langsung telah meningkatkan kadar kemerosotan kognitif. Mengelakkan faktor risiko seperti toksin, tekanan dan penyakit berkenaan tubuh badan boleh menjadi pelindung terhadap pengurangan fungsi kognitif dalam kalangan warga tua. Kajian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan kesan faktor sosio-demografi, sembelit dan kegagalan buah pinggang ke atas status kognitif dalam 2322 sampel warga tua yang tidak menghuni rumah warga tua. Analisis regresi logistik berganda digunakan untuk menganggar faktor risiko pada kemerosotan kognitif dalam subjek. Lebih kurang 77.54% daripada sampel mengalami kemerosotan nilai kognitif. Keputusan menunjukkan bahawa umur lanjut (nisbah kemungkinan [OR] = 1.03), bangsa Melayu (OR = 2.15), sembelit (OR = 3.31) dan kegagalan buah pinggang (OR = 4.42), secara bererti meningkatkan risiko kemerosotan kognitif dalam subjek (p<0.05). Sebagai tambahan, pendidikan (OR = 0.38) dengan ketara mengurangkan risiko. Walau bagaimanapun, kami membuat kesimpulan bahawa usia, bangsa Melayu, sembelit dan kegagalan buah pinggang meningkatkan risiko kemerosotan nilai kognitif dalam subjek tetapi pendidikan mengurangkan risiko.

Kata kunci: Demensia; kegagalan buah pinggang ; kognisi; sembelit

RUJUKAN

Alley, D., Suthers, K. & Crimmins, E. 2007. Education and cognitive decline in older Americans results from the AHEAD sample. Research on Aging 29(1): 73-94.

Basilisco, G. & Coletta, M. 2013. Chronic constipation: A critical review. Digestive and Liver Disease 45(11): 886-893.

Brewster, P.W., Melrose, R.J., Marquine, M.J., Johnson, J.K., Napoles, A., MacKay-Brandt, A., Farias, S., Reed, B. & Mungas, D. 2014. Life experience and demographic influences on cognitive function in older adults. Neuropsychology 28(6): 846-858.

Brunori, G. 2012. Treatment of chronic kidney disease in the elderly: Diet or conservative management. Journal of Nephrology 25(Suppl. 19): 28-31.

Bugnicourt, J.M., Godefroy, O., Chillon, J.M., Choukroun, G. & Massy, Z.A. 2013. Cognitive disorders and dementia in ckd: The neglected kidney-brain axis. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 24(3): 353-363.

Canbaz, S., Sünter, A.T., Dabak, S. & Pekşen, Y. 2003. The prevalence of chronic diseases and quality of life in elderly people in Samsun. Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences 33(5): 335-340.

DeCarli, C. 2003. Mild cognitive impairment: Prevalence, prognosis, aetiology, and treatment. The Lancet Neurology 2(1): 15-21.

Early, D.R., Widaman, K.F., Harvey, D., Beckett, L., Park, L.Q., Farias, S.T., Reed, B.R., DeCarli, C. & Mungas, D. 2013. Demographic predictors of cognitive change in ethnically diverse older persons. Psychology and Aging 28(3): 633-645.

Eshkoor, S.A., Hamid, T.A., Mun, C.Y. & Ng, C.K. 2015. Mild cognitive impairment and its management in older people. Clinical Interventions in Aging 10: 687-693.

Eshkoor, S.A., Hamid, T.A., Nudin, S.S.H. & Mun, C.Y. 2014. Does substance abuse contribute to further risk of falls in dementia. Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition 21(3): 317-324.

Folstein, M.F., Folstein, S.E. & McHugh, P.R. 1975. Mini-mental state. A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. Journal of Psychiatric Research 12(3): 189-198.

Gallegos-Orozco, J.F., Foxx-Orenstein, A.E., Sterler, S.M. & Stoa, J.M. 2012. Chronic constipation in the elderly. The American Journal of Gastroenterology 107(1): 18-25.

Iachini, T., Iavarone, A., Senese, V.P., Ruotolo, F. & Ruggiero, G. 2009. Visuospatial memory in healthy elderly, AD and MCI: A review. Current Aging Science 2(1): 43-59.

Kawamura, T., Umemura, T., Umegaki, H., Imamine, R., Kawano, N., Tanaka, C., Kawai, M., Minatoguchi, M., Kusama, M. & Kouchi, Y. 2014. Effect of renal impairment on cognitive function during a 3-year follow up in elderly patients with type 2 diabetes: Association with microinflammation. Journal of Diabetes Investigation 5(5): 597-605.

Kensinger, E.A. & Corkin, S. 2009. Cognition in aging and age related disease. Handbook of the Neuroscience of Aging, edited by Hof, P.R. & Mobbs, C.V. Cambridge: Academic Press. pp. 249-256.

Leung, L., Riutta, T., Kotecha, J. & Rosser, W. 2011. Chronic constipation: An evidence-based review. The Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine 24(4): 436-451.

Mather, M. & Carstensen, L.L. 2005. Aging and motivated cognition: The positivity effect in attention and memory. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 9(10): 496-502.

Pinto, C. & Subramanyam, A.A. 2009. Mild cognitive impairment: The dilemma. Indian Journal of Psychiatry 51(Suppl 1): S44-S51.

Rashid, A., Azizah, A. & Rohana, S. 2012. Cognitive impairment among the elderly Malays living in rural Malaysia. Medical Journal of Malaysia 67(2): 187-189.

Reitz, C. & Mayeux, R. 2010. Use of genetic variation as biomarkers for mild cognitive impairment and progression of mild cognitive impairment to dementia. Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease 19(1): 229-251.

Sherina, M., Rampal, L. & Mustaqim, A. 2004. Cognitive impairment among the elderly in a rural community in Malaysia. Medical Journal of Malaysia 59(2): 252-257.

Smyth, A. 2012. End-stage renal disease and renal replacement therapy in older patients. Nephro-urology Monthly 4(2): 425-430.

Sweetland, S.R. 1996. Human capital theory: Foundations of a field of inquiry. Review of Educational Research 66(3): 341-359.

Tamura, M.K. & Yaffe, K. 2010. Dementia and cognitive impairment in ESRD: Diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. Kidney International 79(1): 14-22.

Tricco, A.C., Soobiah, C., Lillie, E., Perrier, L., Chen, M.H., Hemmelgarn, B., Majumdar, S.R. & Straus, S.E. 2012. Use of cognitive enhancers for mild cognitive impairment: Protocol for a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Systematic Reviews 1: 25.

Woodford, H.J. & George, J. 2007. Cognitive assessment in the elderly: A review of clinical methods. QJM 100: 469-484.

Zahodne, L.B., Glymour, M.M., Sparks, C., Bontempo, D., Dixon, R.A., MacDonald, S.W. & Manly, J.J. 2011. Education does not slow cognitive decline with aging: 12-year evidence from the Victoria Longitudinal Study. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 17(06): 1039-1046.

*Pengarang untuk surat-menyurat; email: aizan@upm.edu.my