SAINS MALAYSIANA

Sains Malaysiana 46(10)(2017): 1749–1756

http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2017-4610-11

Pengoptimumam Pemprosesan Komposit rHDPE Berpenguat Sekam Padi dengan Kaedah Tindak Balas Permukaan (RSM)

(Optimization of rHDPE Reinforced Rice Husk Composite Processing by Response Surface Method (RSM))

NISHATA ROYAN RAJENDRAN ROYAN*, ABU BAKAR SULONG, NOR YULIANA YUHANA, MOHD HAFIZUDDIN AB GHANI & SAHRIM AHMAD

Fakulti Kejuruteraan dan Alam Bina, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia

Fakulti Sains dan Teknologi, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia

Diserahkan: 24 Mac 2017/Diterima: 9 Jun 2017

ABSTRAK

Kaedah tindak balas permukaan (RSM) telah digunakan untuk mengoptimumkan penyediaan biokomposit rHDPE berpenguat sekam padi sebagai pengisi. Sekam padi adalah sisa pertanian yang mempunyai ciri-ciri kayu dan digunakan secara pesat dalam bidang komposit kayu plastik. Kesan parameter suhu, tekanan serta masa proses tekanan panas ke atas kekuatan tegangan telah dikaji. Reka bentuk Box Bechken telah digunakan untuk menentukan parameter optimum biokomposit yang mempunyai kekuatan tegangan yang tinggi. Model tertib kedua telah dibangunkan untuk meramalkan kekuatan tegangan berdasarkan reka bentuk komposit. Didapati bahawa komposit sesuai digunakan apabila model regresi kuadratik dengan pekali penentu bilang (R2) yang tinggi. Keadaan proses menekan yang optimum dicapai pada suhu 180°C, tekanan 1000 psi dan masa 9 min dengan pekali penentu berbilang mencapai 97%. Di bawah keadaan yang optimum ini, komposit yang mengandungi 10, 20, 30, 40 dan 50% gentian RH telah disediakan. Kekuatan tegangan dan modulus tegangan biokomposit menunjukkan peningkatan apabila kandungan gentian RH ditambah.

Kata kunci: Biokomposit; kaedah tindak balas permukaan; kekuatan tegangan; pengoptimuman; sekam padi

ABSTRACT

In this study, response surface methodology (RSM) was used to optimize preparation of biocomposites based on rHDPE and rice husk (RH) filler. RH is an agriculture waste which has the characteristic of wood and being used tremendously in wood plastic composites. The effects of pressing temperature, pressing pressure and pressing time on tensile strength were investigated. A Box Bechken design was employed to determine the optimum preparation condition of the biocomposites to obtain the highest tensile strength. A second-order polynomial model was developed for predicting the tensile strength based on the composite design. It was found that composites were best fit by a quadratic regression model with high coefficient of determination (R2) value. The selected optimum pressing condition was 180°C at 1000 psi and 9 min of pressing, leading to a desirability of 97%. Under the optimum condition, the composites were then prepared containing 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 wt. % of RH fibers. The tensile strength and the tensile modulus of the biocomposites shows a good trend, respectively.

Keywords: Biocomposite; optimization; response surface methodology; rice husk; tensile strength

RUJUKAN

Adhikary, K.B., Pang, S. & Staiger, M.P. 2008a. Dimensional stability and mechanical behaviour of wood-plastic composites based on recycled and virgin high-density polyethylene (Hdpe). Composites Part B: Engineering 39(5): 807-815.

Ashori, A. 2008. Wood-plastic composites as promising green-composites for automotive industries! Bioresour. Technol. 99(11): 4661-4667.

Askeland, D.R., Fulay, P.P. & Wright, W.J. 2010. The Science and Engineering of Materials. Stamford: Cengage Learning Inc.

Chang, B.P., Akil, H.M., Affendy, M.G., Khan, A. & Nasir, R.B.M. 2014. Comparative study of wear performance of particulate and fiber-reinforced nano-Zno/ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene hybrid composites using response surface methodology. Materials & Design 63: 805-819.

Chen, R.S., Ghani, M.H.A., Ahmad, S., Salleh, M.N. & Tarawneh, M.A.A. 2015. Rice husk flour biocomposites based on recycled high-density polyethylene/polyethylene terephthalate blend: Effect of high filler loading on physical, mechanical and thermal properties. Journal of Composite Materials 49(10): 1241-1253.

Duy Tran, T., Dang Nguyen, M., Thuc, C., Thuc, H.H. & Dang Tan, T. 2013. Study of mechanical properties of composite material based on polypropylene and Vietnamese rice husk filler. Journal of Chemistry 2013: Article ID. 752924.

Ghani, M.H.A., Salleh, M.N., Chen, R.S., Ahmad, S., Hanafi, I., Royan, N.R.R. & Idris, M.N. 2016. Kajian sifat mekanik nanokomposit epoksi berpenguat gentian hibrid nantoanotiub karbon dan nanozarah tanah liat. Sains Malaysiana 45(8): 1259-1263.

Grozdanov, A., Buzarovska, A., Bogoeva-Gaceva, G., Avella, M., Errico, M. & Gentille, G. 2006. Rice straw as an alternative reinforcement in polypropylene composites. Agronomy for Sustainable Development 26(4): 251.

Hamid, M.R.Y., Ab Ghani, M.H. & Ahmad, S. 2012. Effect of antioxidants and fire retardants as mineral fillers on the physical and mechanical properties of high loading hybrid biocomposites reinforced with rice husks and sawdust. Industrial Crops and Products 40: 96-102.

Li, R., Ye, L. & Mai, Y.W. 1997. Effect of polyethylene particle geometry on mechanical properties of compression moulded wood-polyethylene composites. Plastics Rubber and Composites Processing and Applications 26(8): 368-371.

Lv, C., Wang, Y., Wang, L.J., Li, D. & Adhikari, B. 2013. Optimization of production yield and functional properties of pectin extracted from sugar beet pulp. Carbohydrate Polymers 95(1): 233-240.

Miguez Suarez, J.C., Coutinho, F.M.B. & Sydenstricker, T.H. 2003. Sem studies of tensile fracture surfaces of polypropylene-sawdust composites. Polymer Testing 22(7): 819-824.

Najafi, A. & Khademi-Eslam, H. 2011. Lignocellulosic filler/ recycled Hdpe composites: Effect of filler type on physical and flexural properties. BioResources 6(3): 2411-2424.

Nourbakhsh, A., Baghlani, F.F. & Ashori, A. 2011. Nano- Sio2 filled rice husk/polypropylene composites: Physico-mechanical properties. Industrial Crops and Products 33(1): 183-187.

Premalal, H.G.B., Ismail, H. & Baharin, A. 2002. Comparison of the mechanical properties of rice husk powder filled polypropylene composites with talc filled polypropylene composites. Polymer Testing 21(7): 833-839.

Selke, S.E. & Wichman, I. 2004. Wood fiber/polyolefin composites. Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing 35(3): 321-326.

Syafri, R., Ahmad, I. & Abdullah, I. 2011. Effect of rice husk surface modification by Lenr the on mechanical properties of Nr/Hdpe reinforced rice husk composite. Sains Malaysiana 40(7): 749-756.

Tong, J.Y., Royan, N.R.R., Ng, Y.C., Ab Ghani, M.H. & Ahmad, S. 2014. Study of the mechanical and morphology properties of recycled Hdpe composite using rice husk filler. Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2014: Article ID 938961.

Wang, X., Sun, H., Bai, H. & Zhang, L.P. 2014. Thermal, mechanical, and degradation properties of nanocomposites prepared using lignin-cellulose nanofibers and poly (lactic acid). BioResources 9(2): 3211-3224.

Yam, K.L., Gogoi, B.K., Lai, C.C. & Selke, S.E. 1990. Composites from compounding wood fibers with recycled high density polyethylene. Polymer Engineering & Science 30(11): 693-699.