Sains Malaysiana 46(2)(2017):
267–274
http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2017-4602-11
Prevalence of Hearing Loss and Hearing
Impairment among Small and Medium Enterprise Workers in Selangor,
Malaysia
(Kelaziman Kehilangan Pendengaran dan Kecelaan
Pendengaran antara Pekerja Perusahaan
Kecil dan Sederhana di Selangor, Malaysia)
SAM W.Y.1,
ANITA
A.R.,1*
HAYATI
K.S.1,
HASLINDA
A.1,2
& LIM C.S.1
1Department of Community Health,
Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia,
43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
2Department of Social & Development
Sciences, Faculty of Human Ecology, Universiti Putra Malaysia,
43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
Diserahkan:
10 Mac 2016/Diterima: 16 Mei 2016
ABSTRACT
Factories and Machinery (Noise
Exposure) Regulation 1989 has always demanded employer to protect
workers from noise exposure ≥85 dB. However, noise induced
hearing loss (NIHL)
has been the highest notifiable occupational health issue among
Malaysian workers in 2014. A cross-sectional study aimed to investigate
the prevalence of hearing loss (HL) among 146 adult manufacturing workers with noise exposure
≥85 dB was carried out in Selangor. Pure tone audiometry
and a validated questionnaire were used to determine the hearing
status and information of the respondents. The results showed
that the prevalence of HL
was 73.3% and the prevalence of hearing impairment
was 23.3%. Male workers (63.0%) had higher prevalence of HL than female workers (36.4%). Mean
hearing threshold levels of HL respondents were significantly
higher than respondents with normal hearing. It was discovered
that among workers with employment of more than 10 years, >
80% of them suffered from HL. Association between employment years and hearing condition
(normal, non-bilateral and bilateral HL)
was statistically significant, χ(4)= 10.51, p=0.033,
with Kendall tau-c correlation showing positive and weak (p=0.18)
association. Highest HL cases were found at 4 and 6 kHz. World
Health Organisation and Factories and Machinery (Noise Exposure)
Regulation 1989 classification on degree of hearing impairment
showed slight to moderate hearing impairment among the respondents
and both standards did not differ much (8.9% vs 6.9%, respectively).
As a conclusion, prevalence of hearing loss and hearing impairment
among manufacturing workers were high. Age, male sex, monthly
salary and employment years were possible influencing factors.
Keywords: Audiometric test;
degree of hearing impairment; manufacturing workers; noise induced
hearing loss; prevalence
ABSTRAK
Peraturan Kilang dan Jentera
(Pendedahan Bunyi Bising) 1989 sentiasa menuntut majikan untuk
melindungi pekerja daripada pendedahan bunyi bising ≥85
dB. Walau bagaimanapun, kehilangan pendengaran akibat bunyi bising
(KPABB)
masih merupakan isu kesihatan pekerjaan yang paling banyak dilaporkan
terjadi dalam kalangan pekerja di Malaysia pada tahun 2014. Suatu
kajian keratan lintang yang bertujuan untuk mengkaji kelaziman
kehilangan pendengaran (HL)
dalam kalangan 146 pekerja dewasa sektor pengilangan yang didedahkan
kepada bunyi bising ≥85 dB telah dijalankan di Selangor.
Ujian audiometrik dan soal selidik digunakan untuk menentukan
status pendengaran dan maklumat daripada responden. Keputusan
kajian menunjukkan bahawa kelaziman HL
adalah 73.3% dan kelaziman kecelaan pendengaran
adalah 23.3%. Pekerja lelaki (63.0%) mempunyai kelaziman HL yang lebih tinggi daripada pekerja
wanita (36.4%). Purata tahap ambang pendengaran responden HL adalah
lebih tinggi daripada responden berpendengaran normal. Dalam kalangan
pekerja yang berpengalaman bekerja lebih daripada 10 tahun, 80%
daripada mereka menghidapi HL. Terdapat perkaitan antara pengalaman kerja dengan keadaan
pendengaran (normal, tidak bilateral dan bilateral HL)
secara statistik, χ (4) = 10.51, p=0.033, dengan kolerasi
Kendall tau-c menunjukkan (p=0.18) perhubungan yang positif
dan lemah. Kes HLKP yang paling tinggi adalah pada frekuensi 4 dan 6 kHz.
Klasifikasi tahap kecacatan pendengaran oleh Pertubuhan Kesihatan
Sedunia dan Peraturan Kilang dan Jentera (Pendedahan Bunyi Bising)
1989 menunjukkan tahap kecacatan pendengaran responden adalah
ringan kepada sederhana dan keputusan kajian berdasarkan kedua-dua
piawaian tidak banyak berbeza (masing-masing 8.9% dan 6.9%). Kesimpulannya,
kelaziman kehilangan pendengaran dan kecelaan pendengaran dalam
kalangan pekerja sektor pengilangan adalah tinggi. Faktor yang
berkemungkinan mempengaruhi HL adalah
umur, lelaki, gaji bulanan serta pengalaman kerja.
Kata kunci: Kehilangan pendengaran akibat bunyi bising; kelaziman;
pekerja pembuatan; tahap kecacatan pendengaran; ujian audiometric
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*Pengarang untuk surat-menyurat;
email: anitaar@upm.edu.my