Sains Malaysiana 47(1)(2018): 1–7
http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2018-4701-01
Mating
Calls of Selected Sarawak Toads (Amphibia: Anura: Bufonidae)
(Panggilan
Pengawanan Kodok Sarawak Terpilih (Amfibia: Anura: Bufonidae)
MUHAMMAD FADZIL AMRAM1, RAMLAH ZAINUDIN2* & HASNIZAM ABDUL WAHID3
1Department of Zoology,
Faculty of Resource Science and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, 94300
Kota Samarahan, Sarawak Bumi Kenyalang, Malaysia
2Pusat Pengajian
Pra-Universiti, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, 94300, Kota Samarahan, Sarawak
Bumi Kenyalang, Malaysia
3Faculty of Applied
and Creative Arts, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, 94300 Kota Samarahan, Sarawak
Bumi Kenyalang, Malaysia
Diserahkan: 27 Februari 2015/Diterima: 15 Jun 2017
ABSTRACT
The sound produced by the anurans including toads can be a survival
strategy for the selection of fittest males by their conspecific
females and a form of effective prezygotic mechanism. Most of the
published works on anuran sound production were on true frogs or
ranids, yet little is known about sound characteristics of toads.
Here we describe the properties of mating calls from six selected
toad species from six study sites in Sarawak. Males' mating calls
were recorded and analyzed using SoundRuler Acoustic Analysis ver
0.9.6.0. Call characteristic were subsequently compared for toad
species differentiation. The results showed that each species differ
in call characteristics, with pulsating note, rate of note repetition
and pitch being the most apparent characters. The highest number
of pulse notes belongs to Duttaphrynus melanostictus while Ansonia
spinulifer exhibited highest pitch and rate of note repetition.
These species' differences in mating call characteristics provide
an additional method for anuran species classification besides morphological
and molecular DNA
data. It is also a very useful guide during field
survey as the sound is audible and identification can be made without
the need of capturing the toads.
Keywords: Bufonidae; call characteristics; note repetition rate;
pitch; pulsating note
ABSTRAK
Bunyi yang dihasilkan oleh Anura termasuk kodok merupakan satu strategi
kemandirian spesies dalam pemilihan baka jantan oleh betina serta
sebagai suatu mekanisme pemencilan pra-zigot yang berkesan. Kebanyakan
kajian bunyi anuran yang telah diterbitkan adalah daripada kodok
(ranid), namun sedikit sahaja yang diketahui tentang ciri akustik
kodok. Kajian ini mencirikan panggilan mengawan daripada enam spesies
kodok terpilih dari enam tapak kajian di Sarawak. Bunyi panggilan
kodok jantan direkod dan dianalisis dengan menggunakan Analisis
Akustik Sound Ruler ver 0.9.6.0. Ciri panggilan itu kemudiannya
dibandingkan antara spesies kodok yang berbeza. Keputusan kajian
menunjukkan bahawa panggilan jantan setiap spesies berbeza daripada
segi denyutan bunyi, kadar pengulangan nota bunyian dan pic. Kekerapan
tertinggi nota denyutan dimiliki oleh Duttaphrynus melanostictus manakala Ansonia spinulifer mempunyai
pic dan kekerapan kadar pengulangan nota bunyian yang tertinggi.
Penentuan ciri panggilan adalah sangat penting kerana ia menyediakan
satu pendekatan tambahan untuk pengkelasan spesies anuran selain
berdasarkan data morfologi dan molekul DNA.
Ia juga amat berguna dalam kajian lapangan kerana bunyi boleh didengar
dan dengan itu pengecaman spesies boleh dibuat tanpa penangkapan
kodok.
Kata kunci: Bufonidae; ciri panggilan; kadar
ulangan nota; nota denyut; pic
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*Pengarang
untuk surat-menyurat; email: zramlah@.unimas.my
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