Sains Malaysiana 47(1)(2018): 123–129
http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2018-4701-15
Bone
Mineral Density and Associated Risk Factors among Female Athletes: A
Cross-Sectional Study
(Ketumpatan
Mineral Tulang dan Faktor Risiko yang berkaitan dalam kalangan Atlet
Wanita: Suatu Kajian Rentas
NUR SYAMSINA AHMAD1*, MOHAMAD SHARIFF A. HAMID2, JADEERA PHAIK GEOK CHEONG1 & SAREENA HANIM HAMZAH1
1Sports Centre,
University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Federal Territory, Malaysia
2Sports
Medicine Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur,
Federal Territory, Malaysia
Diserahkan: 16 Mac 2017/Diterima: 25 Mei 2017
ABSTRACT
Menstrual irregularity and disordered eating were previously
identified as risk factors for low bone mineral density (BMD)
in female athletes. Therefore, an investigation for more potential factors that
could be associated with low BMD among Malaysian female
athletes is required. The aim of this study was to assess the association of BMD with
energy availability, body weight, body fat, estrogen level and bone loading
status in female athletes and to what extent those factors predict BMD.
Energy intake and expenditure, body weight, Bone Physical Activity
Questionnaire (BPAQ) score and estrogen level were
determined from 85 female athletes aged 18-30 years in this cross-sectional
study. Bone mineral density was measured by using an ultrasound bone
densitometry device at the calcaneus bone. The female athletes’ body weight and
fat percentage were 56±9 kg and 27±6%, respectively and they were all
eumenorrheic. Fifty three percent of them had low BMD (z-
score < 0). Their mean energy intake (1291±33 kcal/day) was lower than
energy expenditure (1807±34 kcal/day) which resulted in a low energy
availability (29±1 kcal/day/kg FFM). BMD was
positively associated with BPAQ score (r=0.4, p=0.000) and body weight (r=0.3, p=0.005) but negatively associated with energy expenditure (r=-0.4, p=0.000). There was no association of BMD with
energy intake, energy availability, body fat percentage and estrogen level. In
conclusion, BMD was associated with energy expenditure, body weight
and BPAQ score among female athletes. Regression analysis
showed that energy expenditure and BPAQ score were the main
factors to predict BMD.
Keywords: Energy intake; exercise; hormone; nutrient; physical
activity
ABSTRAK
Haid tidak teratur dan gangguan pemakanan merupakan faktor risiko
yang dikenal pasti untuk ketumpatan mineral tulang (KMT)
yang rendah dalam kalangan atlet wanita. Oleh itu, lebih banyak kajian bagi
faktor yang berpotensi dikaitkan dengan KMT yang rendah dalam kalangan
atlet wanita Malaysia diperlukan. Tujuan kajian ini adalah untuk menilai
perkaitan antara KMT dengan ketersediaan tenaga, berat
badan, lemak badan, paras estrogen dan status bebanan tulang dalam atlet wanita
dan seterusnya faktor-faktor yang meramalkan KMT.
Pengambilan dan penggunaan tenaga, berat badan, Soalselidik Aktiviti Fizikal
Tulang (SAFT) dan tahap estrogen telah dikaji daripada 85 atlet
wanita berusia 18-30 tahun dalam kajian keratan rentas ini. Kepadatan tulang
mineral diukur dengan menggunakan alat densitometri ultrasound tulang pada
tulang kalkaneus. Berat badan dan peratusan lemak atlet wanita masing-masing
adalah 56±9 kg dan 27±6% dan mereka adalah eumenorrheic. 53% daripada atlet
wanita mempunyai KMT (skor z <0) yang rendah. Min
pengambilan tenaga (1291±33 kcal / hari) adalah lebih rendah daripada
penggunaan tenaga (1807±34 kcal/hari) yang menghasilkan ketersediaan tenaga
yang rendah (29±1 kcal/hari/kg FFM). KMT berkait
secara positif dengan skor SAFT (r= 0.4, p=0.000) dan berat badan (r=0.3, p=0.005) tetapi berkait secara negatif dengan penggunaan tenaga (r=-0.4, p=0.000). Tidak ada perkaitan KMT dengan pengambilan tenaga,
ketersediaan tenaga, peratusan lemak badan dan tahap estrogen. Secara
kesimpulan, KMT adalah berkait dengan penggunaan tenaga, berat badan
dan skor SAFT dalam kalangan atlet wanita. Analisa regresi
menunjukkan bahawa penggunaan tenaga dan skor SAFT merupakan
faktor utama untuk menjangkakan KMT.
Kata kunci: Aktiviti fizikal; hormon; latihan;
nutrien; pengambilan tenaga
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*Pengarang
untuk surat-menyurat; email: sunsinar@hotmail.com
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