Sains Malaysiana 47(8)(2018): 1835–1842

http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2018-4708-23

Perubahan Tahap Pencahayaan dalam Bilik Darjah di Sebuah Sekolah Pendidikan Khas Cacat Penglihatan dan Perbandingan Tahap Pencahayaan di bawah Keadaan Pencahayaan yang Berbeza

(Change in Level of Classroom Lighting at a Special Education School Distortion of Vision

and Comparison of Lighting at Different Lighting Conditions)

WAN NUR ' AMIRAH IBRAHIM¹, ZAINORA MOHAMMED^2*, NORLIZA MOHAMAD FADZIL², SUMITHIRA NARAYANASAMY³ & MOHD 'IZZUDDIN HAIROL³

¹Program Optometri dan Sains Penglihatan, Fakulti Sains Kesihatan, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz,, 50300 Kuala Lumpur, Wilayah Persekutuan, Malaysia

²Program Optometri dan Sains Penglihatan, Pusat Rehabilitasi dan Keperluan Khas,

Fakulti Sains Kesihatan, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, 50300 Kuala Lumpur, Wilayah Persekutuan, Malaysia

³Program Optometri dan Sains Penglihatan, Pusat Kesihatan Komuniti, Fakulti Sains Kesihatan, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, 50300 Kuala Lumpur,

Wilayah Persekutuan, Malaysia

Diserahkan: 28 April 2017/Diterima: 13 Mac 2018

ABSTRACT

Illumination is one of the important physical aspects that influences comfortability during learning session particularly among visually impaired students. The purpose of this study was to determine changes in illumination level in classrooms during learning session at Sekolah Menengah Pendidikan Khas (SMPK), Setapak. The second objective was to compare the illumination level in the classrooms under three different lighting conditions: daylight only, with additional artificial light and with removal of obstructions to daylight. Illumination levels in 17 classrooms was measured at one hour interval, between 8 am to 1 pm for the first stage and 19 classrooms under three different lighting conditions from 11 am to 12 noon for the second stage, using ILM1335 (ISO-TECH, Taiwan) digital luxmeter. Illumination level increased significantly from 8 am to 11 am (One-Way Repeated Measures ANOVA: F(2.14, 34.26)=76.49, p<0 .001) and was maximum at 1 pm. The illumination level was highest for the condition of daylight with additional artificial light (One-Way Repeated Measures ANOVA: F(2,34)=110.51, p<0.001) compared to other conditions. Illumination levels for daylight without obstruction was significantly higher than daylight only (pairwise comparison: p=0.001). Classroom illumination level was lowest in the early morning. However, classroom illumination can be increased either by removing the obstructions to daylight or with additional artificial lighting.

Keywords: Artificial lighting; classroom; daylighting; illumination

ABSTRAK

Pencahayaan adalah salah satu aspek fizikal penting mempengaruhi keselesaan semasa sesi pembelajaran terutamanya dalam kalangan murid penglihatan terhad. Kajian ini bertujuan menentukan perubahan tahap pencahayaan dalam bilik darjah semasa sesi pembelajaran di Sekolah Menengah Pendidikan Khas (SMPK), Setapak. Tujuan kedua adalah membandingkan tahap pencahayaan dalam bilik darjah untuk tiga keadaan cahaya berbeza iaitu di bawah cahaya cerah sahaja dengan tambahan cahaya buatan dan dengan menyingkir halangan terhadap cahaya cerah. Tahap pencahayaan diukur dalam 17 buah bilik darjah untuk sela satu jam antara jam 8 pagi hingga 1 petang untuk peringkat pertama dan 19 buah bilik darjah dalam tiga keadaan cahaya berbeza antara jam 11 pagi hingga 12 tengah hari untuk peringkat kedua pada sembilan kawasan yang sama menggunakan luxmeter digital ILM1335 (ISO-TECH, Taiwan). Tahap pencahayaan meningkat dengan signifikan dari jam 8 hingga 11 pagi (ANOVA sehala pengukuran berulang: F(2.14, 34.26)=76.49, p<0.001) dan mencapai tahap maksimum pada jam 1 petang. Tahap pencahayaan adalah tertinggi diperoleh pada keadaan cahaya cerah dengan tambahan cahaya buatan (ANOVA sehala pengukuran berulang: F(2,34)=110.51, p<0.001) berbanding dua keadaan lain. Tahap pencahayaan pada keadaan cahaya cerah tanpa halangan juga lebih tinggi secara signifikan berbanding cahaya cerah sahaja (perbandingan pasangan demi pasangan: p=0.001). Tahap pencahayaan bilik darjah adalah paling rendah pada waktu pagi. Namun, pencahayaan boleh dipertingkatkan melalui dua kaedah iaitu dengan menyingkir halangan kepada cahaya cerah atau dengan tambahan cahaya buatan.

Kata kunci: Bilik darjah; cahaya buatan; cahaya cerah; pencahayaan

RUJUKAN

Bowers, A.R., Meek, C. & Stewart, N. 2001. Illumination and reading performance in age related macular degeneration. Clinical & Experimental Optometry: Journal of the Australian Optometrical Association 84(3): 139-147.

Boyce, P. & Raynham, P. 2009. The SLL Lighting Handbook, edited by Boreham, S. & Hadley, P. London: Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers.

Colenbrander, A. 1994. The basic low vision exam. In Vision Rehabilitation Issue of the Ophthalmology Clinics of North America. hlm.151-162.

Cornelissen, F.W., Bootsma, A. & Kooijman, A.C. 1995. Object perception by visually impaired people at different light levels. Vision Res. 35(1): 161-168.

Degro, J. 2007. Experimenting with a luxmeter and exploring illuminance. In Physics Teachers’Invention Fair (12). Prague. hlm.1-5.

Dickinson, C. 1998. Low Vision Principles and Practice. Woburn: Reed Educational and Professional Publishing Ltd. European Committee for Standardization. 2002. Light and lighting - Lighting of work places - Part 1 : Indoor work. (EN12464-1).

Farzam, R. 2011. Measurements and analysis of day lighting condition of schools in Iran. Kertas kerja 5th Symposium on Advances in Science & Technology. Mashhad, Iran, 12-17 Mei.

Galasiu, A.D. & Veitch, J.A. 2006. Occupant preferences and satisfaction with the luminous environment and control systems in daylit offices: A literature review. Energy and Buildings 38(7): 728-742.

Glover, S., Kelly, M., Wozniak, H. & Moss, N. 1999. The effect of room illumination on visual acuity measurement. Australian Orthoptic Journal 34: 3-8.

Hae, Y.K., In, H.P. & Mi, J.K. 2003. The role of vision screening and classroom illumination in the vision health of Korean school children. Journal of School Health 73(9): 358-362.

Hathaway, W.E. 1995. Effects of school lighting on physical development and school performance. The Journal of Educational Research 88(4): 228-242.

Iwata, T., Hatao, A., Shukuya, M. & Kimura, K. 1994. Visual comfort in the daylit luminous environment: Structural model for evaluation. Lighting Research and Technology 26(2): 91-97.

Jabatan Standard Malaysia. 2014a. Energy Efficiency and Use of Renewable Energy for Non-residential Buildings - Code of Practice (Second Revision). (MS 1525:2014).

Jabatan Standard Malaysia. 2014b. Universal Design and Accessibility in the Built Environment -Code of Practice (2nd Revision) 1184:2014.

Johnson, C.A. & Casson, E.J. 1995. Effects of luminance, contrast, and blur on visual acuity. Optometry and Vision Science: Official Publication of the American Academy of Optometry 72(12): 864-869.

Kim, W. & Koga, Y. 2005. Glare constant Gw for the evaluation of discomfort glare from windows. Solar Energy 78(1): 105-111.

Lindner, H., Hubmer, K., Schlote, H.W. & Rohl, F. 1989. Subjective lighting needs of the old and the pathological eye. Lighting Research and Technology 21(1): 1-10.

Mark, W. & Arnold, W. 2009. Lighting and discomfort in the classroom. Journal of Environmental Psychology 29(1): 63-75.

Mohd Hanafi Mohd Yasin, Hasnah Toran, Mohd Mokhtar Tahar, Safani Bari, Siti Nur Nadirah Ibrahim & Rozniza Zaharudin. 2013. Bilik darjah pendidikan khas pada masa kini dan kekangannya terhadap proses pengajaran. Asia Pacific Journal of Educators and Education 28: 159-171.

Mohd Hanafi Mohd Yassin, Hasnah Toran, Mohd Mokhtar Tahar, Noraini Mohd Salleh & Rabaishah Azirun. 2011. Tinjauan terhadap tahap kesesuaian infrastruktur Program Integrasi Pendidikan Khas Bermasalah Pembelajaran. Asia Pacific Journal of Educators and Education 26(1): 159-171.

Najafabadi, F.A. 2015. An investigation on natural lighting levels in students' dormitories at EMU in Famagusta , North Cyprus. Kertas kerja The Annual International Civil, Architecture and Urbanism Conference (ICAUC 2015). Anjuran Kharazmi Higher Institute of Science & Technology. Shiraz, Iran, 22 September.

Negiloni, K., Ramani, K.K. & Sudhir, R.R. 2017. Do school classrooms meet the visual requirements of children and recommended vision standards? Plos One 12(4): 1-10.

Osterhaus, W.K.E. 2005. Discomfort glare assessment and prevention for daylight applications in office environments. Solar Energy 79(2): 140-158.

Panduan Teknik Reka Bentuk Elektrik. 2011. Edisi ke-4. Kuala Lumpur: Cawangan Kejuruteraan Elektrik Ibu Pejabat JKR Malaysia.

Sojoudi, S. & Jaafar, M.F.Z. 2012. Indoor lighting of the classes and its effects. 6thSASTech 2012, Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. hlm.1-8.

Winterbottom, M. & Wilkins, A.J. 2009. Lighting and discomfort in the classroom. Journal of Environmental Psychology 29(1): 63-75.

Wu, W. & Ng, E. 2003. A review of the development of daylighting in schools. Lighting Research and Technology 35(2): 111-125.

Zakaria, S.A. & Ismail, A. 2012. Impak cahaya dan pencahayaan terhadap keselamatan warga di sekolah. Malaysian Education Dean's Council Journal 10: 64-78.

*Pengarang untuk surat-menyurat; email: zainora@ukm.edu.my