Sains Malaysiana 50(3)(2021): 769-778

http://doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2021-5003-18

Antihypertensive Activities of Standardised Moringa oleifera Lam. (Merunggai) Extracts in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats

(Aktiviti Antihipertensi Menggunakan Ekstrak Moringa oleifera Lam. (Merunggai) Piawai pada Tikus Hipertensi Secara Spontan)

ENDANG KUMOLOSASI, CHENG CHEN WEI, ANIS ZAFIQA ABDULLAH, NUR SYAHIRAH ABD MANAP, WOON LEE LEE, MOHD HANIF YUSUF, LO SHIN YING, FHATAHEYA BUANG, MAZLINA MOHD SAID, HAZNI FALINA MOHAMAD & MALINA JASAMAI*

Drugs & Herbal Research Centre, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, 50300 Kuala Lumpur, Federal Territory, Malaysia

Diserahkan: 22 Oktober 2019/Diterima: 26 Ogos 2020

ABSTRACT

In recent years, Moringa oleifera has received commercial interest for its blood pressure (BP)-lowering effect. The objectives of this study were to investigate the hypotensive, diuretic, and angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE)-inhibitory activities of M. oleifera ethanolic and aqueous extracts. Spontaneously hypertensive (SH) and normotensive (NT) rats were fed the ethanolic and aqueous extracts at a dose of 1000 mg/kg each for 14 days. The rats were allocated to 12 groups of five rats each. Systolic and diastolic BP were measured, and urine was collected. All extracts, except the aqueous stem extract, significantly reduced systolic and diastolic BP in SH rats, but none of the extracts showed significant hypotensive effects on NT rats. The ethanolic leaf extract (ELE) caused significant diuresis. Moreover, most of the extracts inhibited ACE activity significantly at 40 and 80 µg/mL. ELE, aqueous leaf extract (ALE), and ethanolic pod extract (EPE) showed the highest levels of inhibition (>50%), and their IC₅₀ values; ELE (58.65±1.55), ALE (71.35±1.00) and EPE (54.04±1.00) were determined. The hypotensive effect observed was achieved either by diuretic or ACE-inhibitory activity. The active extracts are worthy of further investigation, as they have the potential to be developed as dietary supplements for pre-hypertensive individuals.

Keywords: ACE inhibition; diastolic blood pressure; diuretic; Moringa oleifera; systolic blood pressure

ABSTRAK

Dalam beberapa tahun kebelakangan ini, Moringa oleifera telah mendapat perhatian komersial untuk menurunkan tekanan darah. Objektif kajian ini adalah untuk mengkaji kesan hipotensi, aktiviti diuretik dan penukaran enzim angiotensin (ACE) ekstrak etanol dan ekstrak akueus M. oleifera. Ekstrak etanol dan ekstrak akueus diberi makan kepada tikus hipertensi secara spontan (SH) dan tikus normotensif (NT) pada dos 1000 mg/kg selama 14 hari. Dua belas kumpulan tikus digunakan dengan lima ekor tikus dalam setiap kumpulan Tekanan darah (TD) sistolik dan diastolik diukur dan urin dikumpul. Aktiviti perencatan ACE oleh ekstrak juga dikaji. Kesemua ekstrak kecuali ekstrak akueus batang menunjukkan pengurangan ketara TD sistolik dan diastolik pada SH tetapi tidak ada ekstrak yang menunjukkan kesan hipotensi yang signifikan terhadap NT. Ekstrak etanol daun (ELE) menunjukkan kesan diuretik yang ketara. Kebanyakan ekstrak menghalang aktiviti ACE dengan ketara pada 40 dan 80 μg/mL. Ekstrak akueus daun (ALE) dan ekstrak etanol lenggai (EPE) menunjukkan tahap perencatan tertinggi (> 50%) dan nilai IC₅₀nya; ELE (58.65±1.55), ALE (71.35±1.00) dan EPE (54.04±1.00) ditentukan. Kesan hipotensi yang ditunjukkan dicapai sama ada oleh aktiviti diuretik atau perencatan ACE. Ekstrak yang aktif patut dikaji dengan lebih lanjut kerana ia mempunyai potensi untuk dikembangkan sebagai makanan tambahan bagi individu pra-hipertensi.

Kata kunci: Diuretik; Moringa oleifera; perencatan ACE; tekanan darah sistolik; tekanan darah diastolic

RUJUKAN

Abdulazeez, A.M., Wudil, A.M. & Yunusa, A.A. 2017. Effect of partially purified angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitory proteins from Moringa oleifera leaves on alloxan induced diabetic rats. Ife Journal of Science 19(1): 109-117.

Ab Majid, N.L., Omar, M.A., Khoo, Y.Y., Naidu, B.M., Yn, J.L.M., Rodzlan Hasani, W.S., Mat Rifin, H., Abd Hamid, H.A., Lourdes, T.G.R. & Yusoff, M.F.M. 2018. Prevalence, awareness, treatment and control of hypertension in the Malaysian population: Findings from the National Health and Morbidity Survey 2006-2015. Journal of Human Hypertension 32(8-9): 617-624.

Agboola, S., Mofolasayo, O.A., Watts, B.M. & Aluko, R.E. 2010. Functional properties of yellow field pea (Pisum sativum L.) seed flours and the in vitro bioactive properties of their polyphenols. Food Research International 43(2): 582-588.

Amaglo, N.K., Bennett, R.N., Lo Curto, R.B., Rosa, E.A.S., Lo Turco, V., Giuffrida, A., Lo Curto, A., Crea, F. & Timpo, G.M. 2010. Profiling selected phytochemicals and nutrients in different tissues of the multipurpose tree Moringa oleifera L., grown in Ghana. Food Chemistry 122(4): 1047-1054.

Amiri, M., Majid, H.A., Mohd Hairi, F., Thangiah, N., Bulgiba, A. & Su, T.T. 2014. Prevalence and determinants of cardiovascular disease risk factors among the residents of urban community housing projects in Malaysia. BMC Public Health 14(Suppl 3): S3.

Anwar, F., Latif, S., Ashraf, M. & Gilani, A.H. 2007. Moringa oleifera: A food plant with
            multiple medicinal uses. Phytotherapy Research 21(1): 17-25.

Asare, G.A., Gyan, B., Bugyei, K., Adjei, S., Mahama, R., Addo, P., Otu-Nyarko, L., Wiredu, E.K. & Nyarko, A. 2012. Toxicity potentials of the nutraceutical Moringa oleifera at supra-supplementation levels. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 139(1): 265-272.

Cáceres, A., Saravia, A., Rizzo, S., Zabala, L., De Leon, E. & Nave, F. 1992. Pharmacologie properties of Moringa oleifera. 2: Screening for antispasmodic, antiinflammatory and diuretic activity. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 36(3): 233-237.

Dangi, S.Y., Jolly, C.I. & Narayanan, S. 2002. Antihypertensive activity of the total alkaloids
from the leaves of Moringa oleifera. Pharmaceutical Biology 40(2): 144-148.

Daugherty, A., Rateri, D., Hong, L. & Balakrishnan, A. 2009. Measuring blood pressure in mice using volume pressure recording, a tail-cuff method. Journal of Visualized Experiments 15(27): 1291.

Fahey, J.W., Zalcmann, A.T. & Talalay, P. 2001. The chemical diversity and distribution of glucosinolates and isothiocyanates among plants. Phytochemistry 56(1): 5-51.

Faizi, S., Siddiqui, B.S., Saleem, R., Aftab, K., Shaheen, F. & Gilani, A.H. 1998. Hypotensive constituents from the pods of Moringa oleifera. Planta Medica 64(3): 225-228.

Faizi, S., Siddiqui, B.S., Saleem, R., Siddiqui, S., Aftab, K. & Gilani, A.H. 1995. Fully acetylated carbamate and hypotensive thiocarbamate glycosides from Moringa oleifera. Phytochemistry 38(4): 957-963.

Faizi, S., Siddiqui, B.S., Saleem, R., Siddiqui, S., Aftab, K. & Gilani, A.H. 1994. Isolation and structure elucidation of new nitrile and mustard oil glycosides from Moringa oleifera and their effect on blood pressure. Journal of Natural Products 57(9): 1256-1261.

Garza, N.G.G., Koyoc, J.A.C., Castillo, J.A.T., Zambrano, E.A.G., Ancona, D.B., Guerrero, L.C. & García, S.R.S. 2017. Biofunctional properties of bioactive peptide fractions from protein isolates of moringa seed (Moringa oleifera). Journal of Food Science and Technology 54(13): 4268-4276.

Gilani, A.H., Aftab, K., Suria, A., Siddiqui, S., Salem, R., Siddiqui, B.S. & Faizi, S. 1994. Pharmacological studies on hypotensive and spasmolytic activities of pure compounds from Moringa oleifera. Phytotherapy Research 8(2): 87-91.

Kajihara, R., Nakatsu, S., Shiono, T., Ishihara, M., Sakamoto, K. & Muto, N. 2008. Antihypertensive effect of water extracts from leaves of Moringa oleifera Lam. on spontaneously hypertensive rats. Nippon Shok Kag Kog Kaish 55(4): 183-185.

Khare, C.P. 2007. Indian Medicinal Plants. New York: Springer-Verlag.

Kwon, E.K., Lee, D.Y., Lee, H., Kim, D.O., Baek, N.I., Kim, Y.E. & Kim, H.Y. 2010. Flavonoids from the buds of Rosa damascena inhibit the activity of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme a reductase and angiotensin I-converting enzyme. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 58(2): 882-886.

Laurence, D.R. & Bacharach, A.L. 1964. Evaluation of Drug Activities: Pharmacometrics. New York: Academic Press.

Leone, A., Spada, A., Battezzati, A., Schiraldi, A., Aristil, J. & Bertoli, S. 2016. Moringa oleifera seeds and oil: Characteristics and uses for human health. International Journal of Molecular Science 17(12): 2141.

Lim, T.K. 2012. Edible Medicinal and Non-medicinal Plants. New York: Springer Dordrecht Heidelberg.

Loizzo, M.R., Said, A., Tundis, R., Rashed, K., Statti, G.A., Hufner, A. & Menichini, F. 2007. Inhibition of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) by flavonoids isolated from Ailanthus excelsa (Roxb) (Simaroubaceae). Phytotherapy Research 21(1): 32-36.

Maghrani, M., Zeggwagh, N.A., Haloui, M. & Eddouks, M. 2005. Acute diuretic effect of aqueous extract of Retama raetam in normal rats. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 99(1): 31-35.

Mahmood, K.T., Mugal, T. & Ul Haq, I. 2010. Moringa oleifera: A natural gift-a review. Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Research 2(11): 775-781.

Mengistu, M., Abebe, Y., Mekonnen, Y. & Tolessa, T. 2012. In vivo and in vitro hypotensive effect of aqueous extract of Moringa stenopetala. African Health Science 12(4): 545-551.

Ministry of Health (MOH). 2013. Clinical Practice Guidelines Management of Hypertension. Putrajaya: Malaysia.

Nadkarni, K.M. 2009. Indian Materia Medica. Bombay: Popular Book Depot.

Nellis, D.W. 1997. Poisonous Plants and Animals of Florida and the Caribbean. Florida: Pineapple Press, Inc.

Ojeda, D., Jiménez-Ferrer, E., Zamilpa, A., Herrera-Arellano, A., Tortoriello, J. & Alvarez, L. 2010. Inhibition of angiotensin convertin enzyme (ACE) activity by the anthocyanins delphinidin- and cyanidin-3-O-sambubiosides from Hibiscus sabdariffa. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 127(1): 7-10.

Ottaviani, J.I., Actis-Goretta, L., Villordo, J.J. & Farga, C.G. 2006. Procyanidin structure defines the extent and specificity of angiotensin I converting enzyme inhibition. Biochimie 88(3-4): 359-365.

Patel, U., Kulkarni, M., Undale, V. & Bhosale, A. 2009. Evaluation of diuretic activity of aqueous and methanol extracts of Lepidium sativum garden cress (cruciferae) in rats. Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research 8(3): 215-219.

Ragasa, C.Y., Ng, V.A.S. & Shen, C.C. 2016. Chemical constituents of Moringa oleifera Lam. seeds. International Journal of Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry Research 8(3): 495-498.

Rathi, B.S., Bodhankar, S.L. & Baheti, A.M. 2006. Evaluation of aqueous leaves extract of Moringa oleifera Linn for wound healing in albino rats. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology 44(11): 898-901.

Rossell, J.B. & Pritchard, J.L.R. 1991. Analysis of Oilseeds, Fats and Fatty Foods. New York: Elsevier Applied Science.

Sashidhara, K.V., Rosaiah, J.N., Tyagi, E., Shukla, R., Raghubir, R. & Rajendran, S.M. 2009. Rare dipeptide and urea derivatives from roots of Moringa oleifera as potential anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive agents. European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 44(1): 432-436.

Shanker, K., Gupta, M.M., Srivastava, S.K., Bawankule, D.U., Pal, A. & Khanuja, S.P.S. 2007. Determination of bioactive nitrile glycoside(s) in drumstick (Moringa oleifera) by reverse phase HPLC. Food Chemistry 105(1): 376-382.

Sharma, V. & Paliwal, R. 2013. Isolation and characterization of saponins from Moringa oleifera (Moringaeceae) pods. International Journal of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Science 5(1): 179-183.

Siddhuraju, P. & Becker, K. 2003. Antioxidant properties of various solvent extracts of total phenolic constituents from three different agro-climatic origins of drumstick tree (Moringa oleifera Lam). Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 15(8): 2144-2155.

Vongsak, B., Sithisarn, P. & Gritsanapan, W. 2014. Simultaneous HPLC quantitative analysis of active compounds in leaves of Moringa oleifera Lam. Journal of Chromatographic Science 52(7): 641-645.

Wang, H.P., Yang, J., Qin, L.Q. & Yang, X.J. 2015. Effect of garlic on blood pressure: A meta-analysis. Journal of Clinical Hypertension 17(3): 223-231.

*Pengarang untuk surat-menyurat; email: malina@ukm.edu.my