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Sains Malaysiana 51(12)(2022):
http://doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2022-5112-04
Assessment
of Governance and Ecological Status of Terengganu Marine Park, Malaysia: Toward
Marine Spatial Planning
(Penilaian Pengurusan dan Status Ekologi Taman Laut Terengganu,
Malaysia: Ke Arah Pembangunan Reruang Laut)
CHE DIN MOHD SAFUAN1,
NAZLI AZIZ1,5,*, IZARENAH MD REPIN2,
XIONG-ZHI XUE3, ABDUL RAHMAN MUHAMMAD ASHRAF4, ZAINUDIN
BACHOK1, NIK NURHAZIRAH
NIK OMAR4, NOR HAFZAN ABD RASID1 & WAN IZATUL ASMA
WAN TALAAT1
1Institute of
Oceanography and Environment, Universiti Malaysia
Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu Darul Iman, Malaysia
2Bahagian Taman Laut dan Pengurusan Sumber Cawangan Konservasi Ekosistem dan Biodiversiti, Jabatan Perikanan Malaysia, 62628 Putrajaya, Federal Territory,
Malaysia
3Fujian
Institute for Sustainable Ocean, Xiamen University, Xiamen City, 361005 Fujian
Province, China
4Lembaga Sumber Air Terengganu, Tingkat 2, Wisma Negeri, Jalan Pejabat 20200, Kuala Terengganu Darul Iman, Malaysia
5Faculty of
Business, Economics and Social Development, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu Darul Iman, Malaysia
Diserahkan: 5 April 2022/Diterima: 6 September 2022
Abstract
Terengganu
Marine Parks (TMP) is a 591.37 km2 marine protected area. TMP are
popular tourist destinations that significantly generate revenue to the
government and local businesses through tourism sector. However, the
anthropogenic activities have contributed to TMP’s declining ecosystem health,
particularly the coral reefs. Therefore, a sustainable ecosystem-based
management is required to maintain the ecosystem. In this study, we identify
issues related to the marine park’s governance, development on islands, tourist
activities and coral health status in the TMP for assessing potential
management strategy for conserving the ecosystem. The findings on management in
TMP found that there is an overlapping in managing the marine park between the
federal and state government. Unintegrated development to accommodate rising
number of tourist and their activities in the marine parks are identified as
the factors contributing towards degradation of the ecosystems. Relatively,
reef areas close to these local pressures are in ‘poor’ condition, indicating
that threats arising from the activities affecting the marine ecosystem. Hence,
this study analyses the potentials in adopting Marine Spatial Planning (MSP) in
the TMP for managing the conflict between user and the ecosystem. The
Australian Great Barrier Reef Marine Park which applied the zoning of marine
area is used as a benchmark to examine the best practices of MSP to govern the
TMP. At present, we suggest using coral reef health status as an early
alternative and best practice to provide different zoning criteria for
strategic marine protected area (MPA) management for TMP.
Keywords: Coral reefs; environmental management; marine protected area; ocean governance; South China Sea
AbstraK
Taman Laut Terengganu (TMP) ialah kawasan perlindungan marin seluas 591.37 km2. TMP merupakan destinasi pelancongan popular yang menjana pendapatan ketara kepada kerajaan dan peniaga tempatan menerusi sektor pelancongan. Walau bagaimanapun, aktiviti antropogen di TMP ini dilihat sebagai faktor yang menyumbang kepada kemerosotan kesihatan ekosistem marin, terutamanya terumbu karang. Oleh itu, pengurusan yang mampan perlu dikenal pasti bagi menjaga kelestarian ekosistem marin ini. Dalam kajian ini, kami mengenal pasti isu berkaitan tadbir urus taman laut, pembangunan di pulau, jumlah pelancong serta kesihatan terumbu karang di sekitar kawasan TMP bagi menilai pengurusan yang berpotensi untuk menjaga kelestarian ekosistem marin ini. Hasil kajian pengurusan tadbir urus di TMP mendapati terdapat pertindihan pengurusan antara kerajaan persekutuan dengan kerajaan negeri. Pembangunan tidak bersepadu untuk menampung peningkatan jumlah pelancong dan aktiviti pelancongan di taman laut dilihat sebagai faktor yang menyumbang kepada kemerosotan kesihatan ekosistem. Secara relatifnya, kawasan terumbu karang berdekatan dengan kawasan pembangunan ini berada pada tahap kesihatan yang ‘tidak baik’, menunjukkan ancaman daripada aktiviti setempat yang mempengaruhi ekosistem marin ini. Justeru, kajian ini mencadangkan pelan pengurusan berdasarkan kepada Perancangan Spatial Marin
(MSP) untuk TMP bagi menguruskan konflik antara pengguna dan ekosistem ini. Pengurusan MSP oleh Taman Laut Australia Great Barrier Reef yang menggunakan kaedah pengezonan kawasan marin dijadikan sebagai penanda aras untuk kaedah MSP bagi mentadbir taman laut ini.
Pada masa ini, kami mencadangkan pengezonan kawasan taman laut berdasarkan status kesihatan terumbu karang boleh menjadi alternatif kepada pengurusan kawasan perlindungan marin (MPA) yang strategik untuk TMP.
Kata kunci: Kawasan perlindungan marin; Laut China Selatan; pengurusan persekitaran; tadbir urus lautan; terumbu karang
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*Pengarang untuk surat-menyurat; email: nazli_aziz@umt.edu.my
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