Sains Malaysiana 51(2)(2022): 329-343

http://doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2022-5102-01

Pleurotus ostreatus Cultivation: Physico-Chemical Characteristics of a Robust Pre-Blocks Oyster Mushroom Substrate with Absorptive Starch Binders

(Pengkulturan Pleurotus ostreatus: Pencirian Fiziko-Kimia Substrat Pra-Blok Cendawan Tiram Mampan dengan Penjerapan Kanji Pengikat) 

SAIFUL IRWAN ZUBAIRI¹*, NUR ARIF SYAMIMI MD ZABIDI¹, ZOEY ZEFFREY AZMAN², SITI NOOR DIANA MOHD KAMARUDDIN², ZALIFAH MOHD KASIM¹, AZWAN MAT LAZIM³, ZAINUN NURZAHIM¹ & MOHD SUZEREN MD JAMIL³

¹Department of Food Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia

²Pusat GENIUS@Pintar Negara, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia

³Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia

43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia

Diserahkan: 18 Februari 2020/Diterima: 11 Jun 2021

ABSTRACT

An alternative way of preparing a newly robust and low fragility of the Pleurotus ostreatus (oyster mushroom) cultivation media is needed as this major problem occurred during harvesting and recyclability. Thus, the cultivation of P. ostreatus mushroom in the form of robust blocks bound together with starch using different tapioca flour binder concentration of 5%, 10% and 25% (w/v) was evaluated for cultivation method development. How mushroom block binder material affects the biological efficiency (BE) and its vegetative growth on newly robust media were identified. The optimized composition of the conventional mushroom substrate has been prepared as a benchmark with the ratio of 100: 10: 1 to residual sawdust, agricultural rice bran and agricultural lime prior to binder mixing. Mushroom BE from bag cultivation methods had been used as a control, which produced lower BE (13%, w/w) than the blocks with a binder (ranging from 18 to 29%, w/w) (p<0.05). The mushroom block with a concentration of 25% (w/v) tapioca flour was found to have a higher bulk density with an average value of 0.87 g/cm³ as compared to the mushroom blocks of 10% (w/v) and 5% (w/v) tapioca flour (p<0.05). The highest water absorption was obtained in the block with 5% (w/v) tapioca flour with a value of 300.18% (w/w) on a dry basis. In terms of compressive strength, the substrate of the mushroom block from 25% (w/v) tapioca flour had the highest value with 0.022 N/mm². The pH value of the substrate before seeding was between 8 and 9 whereas post-seeding value was measured at 4 to 6. The physico-chemical analysis of density, water absorption, compressive strength test, pH and colour values exhibited a good and ideal micro-environment growth of the mushroom. Some nutritional deficiencies in the pre-blocks were observed through imperatively acceptable as compared to the compressed substrate in polypropylene bags (PP). The pre-block formulations with 5% (w/v) and 25% (w/v) tapioca flour conceive good potential and potency in producing high BE of P. ostreatus without compromising its nutritional health benefits.

Keywords: Biological efficiency; oyster mushroom; Pleurotus ostreatus; pre-block substrate; tapioca flour

ABSTRAK

Satu kaedah alternatif yang tahan lasak dan ampuh bagi penghasilan media penanamanPleurotus ostreatus (cendawan tiram) amat diperlukan memandangkan terdapat beberapa yang masalah yang berlaku semasa proses penuaian dan kitar semula. Justeru, pembangunan kaedah baru penanaman cendawanP. ostreatus dalam bentuk blok yang tahan lasak, diikat bersama kanji menggunakan pengikat tepung ubi kayu dengan peratus berbeza iaitu 5%, 10% dan 25% (w/v) telah dilakukan. Keupayaan dan bagaimana bahan pengikat blok cendawan mempengaruhi kecekapan biologi (BE) serta pertumbuhan vegetatif pada media baru ini dikenal pasti. Komposisi substrat cendawan konvensional yang dioptimumkan dengan nisbah 100: 10: 1 untuk habuk papan, sekam padi dan kapur daripada pertanian telah disediakan sebagai penanda aras sebelum bahan pengikat dicampur. Cendawan BE daripada kaedah penanaman menggunakan beg yang telah dipilih sebagai kawalan didapati menghasilkan BE yang lebih rendah (13%, w/w) daripada blok dengan pengikat (julat antara 18 dan 29%, w/w) (p<0.05). Blok cendawan dengan kepekatan 25% (w/v) tepung ubi kayu didapati mempunyai ketumpatan pukal dengan nilai purata sebanyak of 0.87 g/cm³ berbanding dengan blok cendawan pada 10% (w/v) dan 5% (w/v) tepung ubi kayu (p<0.05). Penyerapan air tertinggi didapati pada blok dengan 5% (w/v) tepung ubi kayu dengan nilai 300.18% (w/w) berat kering. Dari segi kekuatan mampatan pula, substrak blok cendawan daripada 25% (w/v) tepung ubi kayu mempunyai nilai tertinggi pada 0.022 N/mm². Nilai pH bagi substrat sebelum penyemaian adalah antara 8 dan 9 manakala nilai pH pasca (selepas) penyemaian didapati berada pada 4 hingga 6. Analisis fizikokimia bagi ketumpatan, penyerapan air, ujian kekuatan kemampatan, nilai pH dan warna menunjukkan mikro-persekitaran pertumbuhan cendawan yang baik dan ideal. Walaupun terdapat beberapa kekurangan dari aspek pemakanan pada pra-blok, ia boleh diterima dan lebih baik daripada substrat yang dimampatkan dalam beg polipropilena (PP). Formulasi pra-blok menggunakan 5% (w/v) dan 25% (w/v) tepung uji kayu berpotensi baik dan ampuh dalam menghasilkan nilai BE yang tinggi bagiP. ostreatus tanpa menjejaskan nilai pemakanan dan manfaat kesihatannya.

Kata kunci: Cendawan tiram; kecekapan biologi; Pleurotus ostreatus; substrat pra-blok; tepung ubi kayu

RUJUKAN

Aizad, S., Zubairi, S.I., Yahaya, B.H. & Lazim, A.M. 2021. Centella asiatica extract potentiates anticancer activity in an improved 3-D PHBV-composite-CMC A549 lung cancer micro-environment scaffold. Arabian Journal for Science & Engineering 46(6): 5313-5325.

Aizad, S., Mohd Khairiri, N., Yahaya, B.H. & Zubairi, S.I. 2017. A novel anti-proliferative activity (EC₅₀) of pegaga (Centella asiatica) extract through in vitro 3-D culture microenvironment. Jurnal Teknologi (Sciences and Engineering) 79(2): 1-10.

Ali, M.A., Siddiq, M., Ahmad, S. & Hanif, M.A. 2009. Protein and fat contents of various Pleurotus species raised on different waste materials. Pakistan Journal of Agricultural 44(3): 440-443.

Annan, J.S. & White, R.K. 1998. Evaluation of techniques for measuring air filled porosity in compost of municipal biosolids and wood chips. In Proceedings of the 1998 Conference on Composting in Southeast. pp. 88-96.

AOAC. 2012. Official Methods of Analysis: Association of Official Analytical Chemists. 15th Edition, Washington D.C., USA. Association of Official Analytical Chemists and Association of Official Agricultural Chemists (AOAC).

Basar, H.M. & Aksoy, N.D. 2012. The effect of waste foundry sand (WFS) as partial replacement of sand on the mechanical, leaching and micro-structural characteristics of ready-mixed concrete. Construction and Building Materials 35: 508-515. 

Che Johari, N.S., Aizad, S. & Zubairi, S.I. 2017. Efficacy study of carrageenan as an alternative infused material (filler) in poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) porous 3D scaffold. International Journal of Polymer Science 2017: 1-12.

Choudhary, D.K., Agarwal, P.K. & Johri, B.N. 2009. Characterization of functional activity in composted casing amendments used in cultivation of Agarius bisporus(Lange) Imbach. Indian Journal of Biotechnology 8(1): 97-109.

Deepalakshmi, K. & Mirunalini, S. 2014. Pleurotus ostreatus: An oyster mushroom with nutritional and medicinal properties. Journal of Biochemical Technology 5(2): 718-726.

Dias, E.S. 2010. Mushroom cultivation in Brazil: Challenges and potential for growth. Ciência e Agrotecnologia 34(4): 795-803.

Erjavec, J., Kos, J., Ravnikar, M., Dreo, T. & Sabotič, J. 2012. Proteins of higher fungi-from forest to application. Trends in Biotechnology 30(5): 259-273.

Fadzilah, M.F., Zubairi, S.I., Abidin, N.Z., Kasim, Z.M. & Lazim, A. 2020. Physico-chemical and sensory acceptance of Carica papaya leaves extract edible O/W emulsion as prospective natural remedies. Arabian Journal of Chemistry 13(11): 7829-7842.

Fazil, F.N.M., Azzimi, N.S.M. & Zubairi, S.I. 2018. Response surface optimization on the phenolic content and antioxidant activities of Sabah Snake Grass (Clinacanthus nutans) leaves extract. International Food Research Journal 25(Suppl. 1): S105-S115.

Khan, M.A., Amin, S.M.R., Uddin, M.N., Tania, M. & Alam, N. 2008. Comparative study of the nutritional composition of oyster mushrooms cultivated in Bangladesh. Bangladesh Journal of Mushroom 2(1): 9-14.

Kumari, A., Pankaj, P.P. & Baskaran, P. 2015. Recent Trends in Post Harvest Technology and Management. Delhi, India: Manglam Publications.

Mahmud, A. & Ohmasa, M. 2008. Effects of cultural conditions on high temperature tolerance of Lentinula edodes mycelia. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences 11(3): 342-350.

Mariga, A.M., Yang, W.J., Mugambi, D.K., Pei, F., Zhao, L.Y., Shao, Y. & Hu, Q. 2014. Antiproliferative and immunostimulatory activity of a protein from Pleurotus eryngii. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 94(15): 3152-3162.

Mukherjee, R. & Nandi, B. 2004. Improvement of in vitro digestibility through biological treatment of water hyacinth biomass by two Pleurotus species. International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation 53(1): 7-12.

MushWorld. 2004. Mushroom Growers’ Handbook 1. Republic of Korea: Oyster Mushroom Cultivation.

Nagarajan, T., Viswanathan, S., Ravi, S., Srinivas, V. & Narayanan, P. 2014. Experimental approach to investigate the behaviour of brick masonry for different mortar ratio. In International Conference on Advances in Engineering and Technology. ICAET. pp. 586-592.

Saidu, M., Salim, M.R. & Yuzir, M.A.M. 2013. Cultivation of oyster mushroom (Pleurotus spp.) on palm oil mesocarp fibre. African Journal of Biotechnology 10(71): 15973-15976.

Shang, H.M., Song, H., Xing, Y.L., Niu, S.L., Ding, G.D., Jiang, Y.Y. & Liang, F. 2015. Effects of dietary fermentation concentrate of Hericium caput-medusae (Bull.:Fr.) Pers. on growth performance, digestibility, and intestinal microbiology and morphology in broiler chickens. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 96(1): 215-222.

Sher, H., Al-Yemeni, M., Bahkali, A.H.A. & Sher, H. 2010. Effect of environmental factors on the yield of selected mushroom species growing in two different agro ecological zones of Pakistan. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences 17(4): 321-326.

Sheu, F., Chien, P.J., Wang, H.K., Chang, H.H. & Shyu, Y.T. 2007. New protein PCiP from edible golden oyster mushroom (Pleurotus citrinopileatus) activating murine macrophages and splenocytes. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 87(8): 1550-1558.

Silva, S., Martins, S., Karmali, A. & Rosa, E. 2012. Production, purification and characterisation of polysaccharides from Pleurotus ostreatus with antitumour activity. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 92(9): 1826-1832.

Sofi, B., Ahmad, M. & Khan, M. 2014. Effect of different grains and alternate substrates on oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) production. African Journal of Microbiology Research 8(14): 1474-1479.

Tisdale, T.E., Miyasaka, S.C. & Hemmes, D.E. 2006. Cultivation of the oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) on wood substrates in Hawaii. World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology 22(3): 201-206.

Zubairi, S.I., Mantalaris, A. & Bismarck, A.A. 2015. Rapid approach to the pore interconnectivity analysis of porous three dimensional scaffolds of poly(3-hydroxybutyric acid) (PHB) and poly(3-hydroxybutyric-co-3-hydroxyvaleric acid) (PHBV) through non-invasive color staining method. Sains Malaysiana 44(9): 1531-1356.

*Pengarang untuk surat-menyurat; email: saiful-z@ukm.edu.my