 |
 |
 |
 |
 |
 |
Sains Malaysiana 52(1)(2023): 1-16
http://doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2023-5201-01
The Application of
Microalgae Feeding Regime on Whiteleg Shrimp Culture
in Each Stage: A Mini Review
(Aplikasi Regim Pemakanan Mikroalga pada Kultur Udang Whiteleg dalam Setiap Peringkat: Suatu Ulasan Mini)
SULASTRI ARSAD1, RUBINA MELINI SIALLAGAN2, EVELLIN DEWI LUSIANA1, MUHAMMAD MUSA1, MOHAMMAD MAHMUDI1, LUTHFIANA APRILIANITA SARI3,*, FIDDY SEMBA PRASETIYA4 & NADIRAH MUSA5
1Study Program of Aquatic Resources
Management, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science, Universitas Brawijaya, Jl. Veteran Malang 65145, Indonesia
3Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia 4Research Center for Biosystematics and Evolution, Research Organization for Life Sciences and Environment, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Jalan Raya Bogor Km 46, Cibinong, West Java 16911, Indonesia 5Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture, Faculty of Agrotechnology and Food Science, UniversitiMalaysia Terengganu,21030 Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu Darul Iman, Malaysia
Diserahkan: 1 Disember 2021/Diterima: 22
September 2022
Abstract
Feed management in shrimp culture aims to improve the quality of shrimp organisms. The application of the feeding regime in shrimp culture has been developed to determine the best formulation of diet in order to maximize growth rate and survival rate of shrimp by increasing feed efficiency and minimizing waste. The application of the feeding regime is closely related to the understanding of the physiological and morphological aspects of shrimp from the larval stage to the adult stage. The success of the application of feed management with the application of the feeding regime will be a solution to the problem of the high costs of feed needed in shrimp culture. The best formulation of diet in shrimp culture in the N6-P3 stage is microalgae, at the M1-PL10 stage is zooplankton, and in the juvenile-adult shrimp stage is artificial feed. Microalgae can significantly increase the survival rate and growth rate of shrimp at the hatchery stage. This article aimed to examine the effect of the application of feeding regime using different diet formulations to produce the highest growth performance of shrimp in shrimp culture based on the morphological and physiological aspects of shrimp.
Keywords: Green consumption; microalgae; shrimp feed; shrimp growth; sustainable food Abstrak
Pengurusan
makanan dalam kultur udang bertujuan untuk meningkatkan kualiti organisma
udang. Aplikasi rejim pemakanan dalam kultur udang telah dibangunkan untuk
menentukan formulasi diet terbaik bagi memaksimumkan kadar pertumbuhan dan
kadar kemandirian udang dengan meningkatkan kecekapan makanan dan meminimumkan
sisa. Aplikasi rejim pemberian makanan berkait rapat dengan pemahaman aspek
fisiologi dan morfologi udang daripada peringkat larva hingga peringkat
dewasa. Kejayaan penerapan pengurusan makanan ternakan dengan penerapan rejim
pemberian makanan akan menjadi penyelesaian kepada masalah kos makanan yang
tinggi yang diperlukan dalam kultur udang. Formulasi diet terbaik dalam kultur
udang pada peringkat N6-P3 ialah mikroalga, pada peringkat M1-PL10 ialah
zooplankton dan pada peringkat remaja-dewasa adalah makanan tiruan. Mikroalga
boleh meningkatkan kadar kemandirian dan kadar pertumbuhan udang dengan ketara
pada peringkat penetasan. Artikel ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji kesan aplikasi
rejim pemakanan menggunakan formulasi diet yang berbeza untuk menghasilkan
prestasi pertumbuhan tertinggi udang dalam kultur udang berdasarkan aspek
morfologi dan fisiologi udang.
Kata
kunci: Makanan lestari; makanan udang; mikroalga; penggunaan
hijau; pertumbuhan udang
RUJUKAN
Abdel, R., Azek, F. & Aha, T.S. 2006. Experimental larval development of penaedae shrimp, Trachypenaeus curvirostris (Stimpson, 1860) from Egyptian Mediterranean Coast. Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Research 32(1): 362-384. Adams, C., Godfrey, V., Wahlen, B., Seefeldt, L. & Bugbee, B. 2013. Understanding precision nitrogen stress to optimize the growth and lipid content tradeoff in oleaginous green microalgae. Bioresource Technology 131: 188-194. Aftab, U.S., Hussain, M.G., Abdullah, A.M., Failler, P. & Drakeford, B.M. 2021. On the potential and constraints of mariculture development in Bangladesh. Aquaculture International 29(2): 575-593. Amaya, E., Davis, D.A. & Rouse, D.B. 2007. Alternative diets for the Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. Aquaculture 262 (2-4): 419-425. Araújo, J., Candeias-Mendes, A., Monteiro, I., Teixeira, D., Soares, F. & Pousão-Ferreira, P. 2020. The use of diatom Skeletonema costatum on aquaculture-produced purple sea urchin (Paracentrotus lividus) larvae and post-larvae diet. Aquaculture Research 51(6): 2545-2554. Arsad, S., Afandy, A., Purwadhi, A.P., Maya, V.B., Saputra, D.K. & Buwono, N.R. 2017. Studi kegiatan budidaya pembesaran udang vaname (Litopenaeus vannamei) dengan penerapan sistem pemeliharaan berbeda. Jurnal Ilmiah Perikanan dan Kelautan 9(1): 1-14. Ayisi, C.L., Hua, X., Apraku, A., Afriyie, G. & Kyei, B.A. 2017. Recent studies toward the development of practical diets for shrimp and their nutritional requirements. Hayati Journal of Biosciences 24(3): 109-117. Babu, D. & Mude, N. 2014. Effect of density on growth and production of Litopenaeus vannamei of Brackish water culture in rainy season with articial diet, India. American International Journal of Research in Formal, Applied & Natural Sciences 4(2): 342-346. Bardera, G., Usman, N., Owen, M., Pountney, D. & Sloman, K.A. 2018. The importance of behaviour in improving the production of shrimp in aquaculture. Reviews in Aquaculture 11(2): 1-29. Bojórquez-Mascareño, E.I. & Soto-Jiménez, M.F. 2013. Effects of natural diet on growth on white-leg shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei under experimental mesocosms emulating an intensive culture system. Journal of Aquaculture Research & Development 4(1): 1-9. Boonyawiwat, V., Patanasatienkul, T., Kasornchandra, J., Poolkhet, C., Yaemkasem, S., Hammell, L. & Davidson, J. 2017. Impact of farm management on expression of early mortality syndrome/acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (EMS/AHPND) on penaeid shrimp farms in Thailand. Journal of Fish Diseases 40(5): 649-659. Brito, R., Chimal, M.E., Gelabert, R., Gaxiola, G. & Rosas, C. 2004. Effect of artificial and natural diets on energy allocation in Litopenaeus setiferus (Linnaeus, 1767) and Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone, 1931) early postlarvae. Aquaculture 237(4): 517-531. Brito, R., Rosas, C., Chimal, M.E. & Gaxiola, G. 2001. Effect of different diets on growth and digestive enzyme activity in Litopenaeus vannamei(Boone, 1931) early post-larvae. Aquaculture Research 32(4): 257-266. Campaña-Torres, A., Martínez-Córdova, L.R., Villarreal-Colmenares, H. & Cortés-Jacinto, E. 2010. Evaluation of different concentrations of adult live Artemia (Artemia franciscana, Kellogs 1906) as natural exogenous feed on the water quality and production parameters of Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone 1931) pre-grown intensively. Aquaculture Research 42(1): 40-46. Chae, S.R., Hwang, E.J. & Shin, H.S. 2006. Single cell
protein production of Euglena gracilis and
carbon dioxide fixation in an innovative photo-bioreactor. Bioresource
Technology 97(2): 322-329.
Colusse, G.A., Mendes, C.R.B., Duarte, M.E.R., Carvalho, J.C.D. & Noseda, M.D. 2020 Effects of different culture media on physiological features and laboratory scale production cost of Dunaliella salina. Biotechnology Reports 27: 1-9. Córdova-Murueta, J.H., García-Carreño, F.L. & Navarrete-Del, M.D.L.A. 2004. Effect of stressors on shrimp digestive enzymes from assays of feces: An alternate method of evaluation. Aquaculture 233(4): 439-449. Crisp, J.A., Partridge, G.J., D’Souza, F.M.L., Tweedley, J.R. & Moheimani, N.R. 2017. Effects of temperature and salinity on larval survival and development of the western school prawn Metapenaeus dalli. International Aquatic Research 9(1): 1-10. Crisp, J.A., Tweedley, J.R., D’Souza, F.M.L., Partridge, G.J. & Moheimani, N.R. 2016. Larval development of the western school prawn Metapenaeus dalli Racek, 1957 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Penaeidae) reared in the laboratory. Journal of Natural History 50(27): 1699-1724. Cuzon, G., Lawrence, A., Gaxiola, G., Rosas, C. & Guillaume, J. 2004. Nutrition of Litopenaeus vannamei reared in tanks or in ponds. Aquaculture 235(1-4): 513-551. Darodes, D.T.J.B., Keitel, J., Owen, M.A.G., Alcaraz-Calero, J.M., Alexander, M.E. & Sloman, K.A. 2021. Monitoring methods of feeding behaviour to answer key questions in penaeid shrimp feeding. Reviews in Aquaculture 13(4): 1828-1843. Davis, D.A. & Arnold, C.R. 2000. Replacement of fish meal in practical diets for the Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei. Aquaculture 185(3-4): 291-298. De, L.C.M., Wouters, R., Wille, M., Sonnenholzner, S. & Sorgeloos, P. 2015. Evaluation of frozen Umbrella-stage Artemia as first animal live food for Litopenaeus vannamei(Boone) larvae. Aquaculture Research 46(9): 2166-2173. Eap, D., Correa, S., Ngo-vu, H. & Derby, C.D. 2020. Chemosensory basis of feeding behavior in pacific white shirmp, Litopenaeus vannamei. Biology Bulletin 239(2): 1-17. Evangelista, A.J.A., Nascimento, I.A., Pereira, S.A., Lopes, M.B.N.L., Martins, L.K.P. & Fillmann, G. 2005. Assesing the potential toxicity of marine sediments found in petroleum industry areas: A new approach based on responses of postlarval shrimp. Ciencias Marinas 31(1): 43-55. Farchan, M. & Mulyono, M. 2011. Dasar-dasar Budidaya Perikanan. Jakarta: STP Press. pp. 1-43. Fuller, P.L., Knott, D.M., Kingsley-Smith, P.R., Morris, J.A., Buckel, B.A., Hunter, M.E. & Hartman, L.D. 2014. Invasion of asian tiger shrimp, Penaeus monodon fabricius, 1798, in the Western north Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico. Aquatic Invasions 9(1): 59-70. Gagneux-Moreaux, S., Moreau, C., Gonzalez, J.L. & Cosson, R.P. 2007. Diatom artificial medium (DAM): A new artificial medium for the diatom Haslea ostrearia and other marine microalgae. Journal of Applied Phycology 19(5): 549-556. Gamboa-Delgado, J., Peña-Rodríguez, A., Ricque-Marie, D. & Cruz-Sáurez, L.E. 2011. Assessment of nutrient allocation and metabolic turnover rate in pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei co-fed live macroalgae ulva clathrata and inert feed: Dual stable isotope analysis. Journal of Shellfish Research 30(3): 969-978. Gouveia, L., Raymundo, A., Batista, A.P., Sousa, I. & Empis, J. 2006. Chlorella vulgaris and Haematococcus pluvialis biomass as colouring and antioxidant in food emulsions. European Food Research and Technology 222(3): 362-367. Guedes, A.C., Sousa-Pinto, I. & Malcata, F.X. 2015. Application of Microalgae Protein to Aquafeed. London: Academic Press. pp. 1-25. Han, P., Lu, Q., Fan, L. & Zhou, W. 2019. A review on the use of microalgae for sustainable aquaculture. Applied Sciences 9(11): 1-20. Hasan, B., Bilbas, G. & Dutta, S. 2020. Optimization of feeding efficiency for cost effective production of Penaeus monodon fabricus in semi-intensive pond culture system. Journal of Aquaculture and Fish Health 9(2): 95-103. Hemaiswarya, S., Raja, R., Kumar, R.R., Ganesan, V. & Anbazhagan, C. 2011. Microalgae: A sustainable feed source for aquaculture. World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology 27(8): 1737-1746. Henuk, Y.L. & Dingle, J.G. 2002. Practical and economic advantages of choice feeding systems for laying poultry. Worlds Poultry Science Journal 58(2): 199-208. Hernandez-Cortes, P., Rivera-Pérez, C., García-Carreño, F. & Martínez-Alarcón, D. 2017 Proteinases during early development of the Pacific whiteleg shrimp Penaeus vannamei. Biology Bulletin 232(1): 2-11. Hoseinifar, S.H. & Zare, P. 2013. Effects of different levels of live food replacement with microdiet on growth factors, survival and resistance to salinity stress of Indian white shrimp post-larvae (Fenneropenaeus indicus). International Journal of Aquatic Biology 1: 209-214. Hukama, F.T., Djokosetiyanto, D. &Affandi, R. 2011. Waktu penggantian pakan alami oleh pakan buatan terhadap pertumbuhan dan kelangsungan hidup postlarva udang vaname (Litopenaeus vannamei) selama pemeliharaan di media bersalinitas rendah. Jurnal Akuakultur Indonesia 10(1): 38-43. Iba, W., Rice, M.A. & Wikfors, G.H. 2014. Microalgae in Eastern Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei(Boone 1931) hatcheries: A review on roles and culture environments. Asian Fish Science 27(3): 212-233. Ibrahim, G.A., Alqurashi, N. & Hashimi, S.M. 2019. Embryogenesis of Marsupenaeus japonicus (Bate, 1888) under normal and treated conditions with emphasis on the localization of the neuropeptide, RF-amide during larval metamorphosis in normal condition. International Journal of Oceans and Oceanography 13(1): 167-187. Kandathil, R.D., Akbar, A.I., Schmidt, B.V., John, E.M., Sivanpillai, S. & Thazhakot, V.S. 2020. Improvement of nutritional quality of live feed for aquaculture: An overview. Aquaculture Research 51(1): 1-17. Karthik, R., Thamizharasan, K., Sankari, D., Kadirawan, C.R. & Ashwitha A. 2016. Biochemical profile of shrimp larvae fed with five different micro algae and enriched Artemia salina under laboratory conditions. International Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Studies 4(4): 376-379. Kawamura, G., Bagarinao, T.U. & Yong, S.K. 2017. Sensory systems and feeding behaviour of the giant freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergiiand the marine whiteleg shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei. Borneo Journal of Marine Science and Aquaculture 1(1): 80-91. Kiatmetha, P., Siangdang, W., Bunnag, B., Senapin, S. & Withyachumnarnkul, B. 2011. Enhancement of survival and metamorphosis rates of Penaeus monodon larvae by feeding with the diatom Thalassiosira weissflogii. Aquaculture International 19(4): 599-609. Knuckey, R., Brown, M., Barrett, S. & Hallegraeff, G. 2002. Isolation of new nanoplanktonic diatom strains and their evaluation as diets for juvenile Pacific oysters (Crassostrea gigas). Aquaculture 211(4): 253-274. Koesharyani, I., Andayani, A., Fayumi, U. & Sugama, K. 2019. Surveillance of white spot syndrome virus (wssv) and myonecrosis virus (imnv) infection in cultured Litopenaeus vannamei. Indonesian Aquaculture Journal 14(1): 39-45. Kumlu, M. & Jones, D.A. 1995. The effect of live and artificial diets on growth, survival, and trypsin activity in larvae of Penaeus indicus. Journal of The World Aquaculture Society 26(4): 406-415. Labrador, J.R.P., Guiñares, R.C. & Hontiveros, G.J.S. 2016. Effect of garlic powder-supplemented diets on the growth and survival of Pacific white leg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei). Cogent Food & Agriculture 2(1): 4-11. Lage, L.P.A., Plagnes-Juan, E., Putrino, S.M., Baron, F., Weissman, D., Guyonvarch, A., Brugger, R., Nunes, A.J.P. & Panserat, S. 2017. Ontogenesis of metabolic gene expression in whiteleg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei): New molecular tools for programming in the future. Aquaculture 479: 142-149. Lavens, P., Merchie, G., Ramos, X., Kujan, A.L.H., Hauwaert, A.V., Pedrazzoli, A., Nelis, H. & Leenheer, A.D. 1999. Supplementation of ascorbic acid 2-monophosphate during the early postlarval stages of the shrimp Penaeus vannamei. Aquaculture Nutrition 5(3): 205-209. Le Vay, L., Jones, D.A., Puello-Cruz, A.C., Sangha, R.S. & Ngamphongsai, C. 2001. Digestion in relation to feeding strategies exhibited by crustacean larvae. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 128(3): 621-628. Lemos, D. & Weissman, D. 2021. Moulting in the grow-out of farmed shrimp: A review. Reviews in Aquaculture 13(1): 5-17. Lim, C.E. 1998. Feeding penaeid shrimp. In Nutrition and Feeding of Fish, edited by Lovell, T. Boston: Springer. pp. 227-248. Liu, J., Huang, J., Jiang, Y. & Chen, F. 2012. Molasses-based growth and production of oil and astaxanthin by Chlorella zofingiensis. Bioresource Technology 107: 393-398. Mastoraki, M., Nikolaos, V., Efstathia, P., Stavros, C., Eleni, M. & Efthimia, A. 2020. The effect of insect meal as a feed ingredient on survival, growth, and metabolic and antioxidant response of juvenile prawn Palaemon adspersus. Aquaculture Research 51(9): 1-12. Noerdjito, D.R. 2019. Perkembangan, produksi, dan peran kultur mikroalga laut dalam industri. Oseana 42(1): 18-27. Nofiyanti, V.R., Subandiyono. & Suminto. 2014. Application of different feeding regimes on the live food consumption rate, morphological development, and survival rate of Penaeus monodon larvae. Journal of Aquaculture Management and Technology 3(4): 49-57. Novriadi, R. 2013. Effects of different diet regimes on development of gill and rostrum spines of Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. Aquacutura Indonesiana 14(2): 85-97. Nunez, M., Lodeiros, C., De, D.M. & Graziani, C. 2002. Evaluation of microalgae diets for Litopenaeus vannamei larvae using a simple protocol. Aquaculture International 10(3): 177-187. Piña, P., Nieves, M., Ramos-Brito, L., Chavira-Ortega, C.O. & Voltolina, D. 2005. Survival, growth and feeding efficiency of Litopenaeus vannamei protozoea larvae fed different rations of the diatom Chaetoceros muelleri. Aquaculture 249(4): 431-437. Pérez Morales, A., Band-Schmidt, C.J. & Martínez-Díaz, S.F. 2016. Changes in mortality rates during the larval stage of the pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) on the basis of algal (Chaetoceros calcitrans or Tetraselmis suecica) food density. Ecosistemas Recursos Agropecuarios 3(9): 415-420. Porchas-Cornejo, M.A., Martínez-Porchas, M., Martínez-Córdova, L.R., Ramos-Trujillo, L. & Barraza-Guardado, R. 2012. Consumption of natural and artificial foods by shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) reared in ponds with and without enhancement of natural productivity. The Israel Journal of Aquaculture 64: 1-7. Pronob, D., Mandal, S.C., Bhagabati, S.K., Akhtar, M.S. & Singh, S.K. 2012. Important live food organisms and their role. Frontiers in Aquaculture 5: 69-86. Purba, C.Y. 2012. Performa pertumbuhan, kelulushidupan, dan kandungan nutrisi larva udang vanamei (Litopenaeus vannamei) melalui pemberian pakan artemia produk lokal yang diperkaya dengan sel diatom. Journal of Aquaculture Management and Technology 1(1): 102-115. Queiroz, L.D., Abrunhosa, F.A. & Maciel, C.R. 2011. Ontogenesis and functional morphology of the digestive system of the freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium amazonicum (Decapoda: Palaemonidae). Zoologia 28(3): 395-402. Rajeswari, M.V. & Balasubramanian, T. 2014. Comparative study on growth of Skeletonema costatum: A microalga as live feed for aquaculture importance. International Journal of Research in Fisheries and Aquaculture 4(3): 117-121. Renaud, S.M., Thinh, L.V. & Parry, D.L. 1999. The gross chemical composition and fatty acid composition of 18 species of tropical Australian microalgae for possible use in mariculture. Aquaculture 170(2): 147-159. Robinson, C.B., Samocha, T.M., Fox, J.M., Gandy, R.L. & McKee, D.A. 2005. The use of inert artificial commercial food sources as replacements of traditional live food items in the culture of larval shrimp, Farfantepenaeus aztecus. Aquaculture 245(1-4): 135-147. Romero-Carvajal, A., Turnbull, M.W. & Baeza, J.A. 2018. Embryonic development in the peppermint shrimp, Lysmata boggessi (Caridea: Lysmatidae). Biology Bulletin 234(3): 165-179. Roy, S.S. & Pal, R. 2015. Microalgae in aquaculture: A review with special references to nutritional value and fish dietetics. Proceedings of the Zoological Society 68(1): 1-8. Ruiz, T.F.R., Gois, G.V.M.R., Rocha, J.C.R., Vidal, M.R., Gardinal, M.V.B., Vicentini, C.A. & Vicentini, I.B.F. 2020. Myology of juvenile freshwater prawn Macrobrachium amazonicum (Decapoda, Caridea): Morphology and swimming implication. Arthropod Structure & Development 58: 1-11. Rukmana, S., Hamzah, M., Balubi, M.A., Iba, W. & Kurnia, A. 2017. Pengaruh pemberian pakan jenis mikroalga yang berbeda terhadap tingkat konsumsi pakan dan tingkat kelangsungan hidup protozoea udang vaname (Litopenaeus vannamei). Media Akuatika 2(1): 149-157. Samat, N.A., Yuso, F. & Rasdi, N.W. 2020. Enhancement of live food nutritional status with essential nutrients for improving aquatic animal health: A review. Animals 10(12): 1-27. Sangha, R.S., Puello, C.A.C., Chavez-Sanchez, M.C. & Jones, D.A. 2000. Survival and growth of Litopenaeus vannamei(Boone) larvae fed a single dose of live algae and artificial diets with supplements. Aquaculture Research 31(8-9): 683-689. Sanudin, N., Tuzan, A.D. & Yong, A.S.K. 2014. Feeding activity and growth performance of shrimp post larvae Litopenaeus vannameiunder light and dark condition. Journal of Agricultural Science 6(11): 103-109. Sanz, L.E., Ampudia, C.A., Llamas, A., Galvan, A. & Fernandez, E. 2015. Understanding nitrate assimilation and its regulation in microalgae. Frontiers in Plant Science 6(1): 1-17. Seychelles, L.H., Happe, S., Palacios, E., Ludwig, M., Hollmer, S., Uhlers, R.U., Schluz, C. & Mercier, L. 2018. Successful rearing of whiteleg shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei larvae fed a desiccation-tolerant nematode to replace Artemia. Aquaculture Nutrition 24(2): 903-910. Shah, M.R., Lutzu, G.A., Alam, A., Sarker, P., Chowdhury, M.A.K., Parsaeimehr, A., Liang, Y. & Daroch, M. 2018. Microalgae in aquafeeds for a sustainable aquaculture industry. Journal of Applied Phycol. 30(1): 197-213. Sharawy, Z.Z., Ashour, M., Abbas, E., Ashry, O., Helal, M., Nazmi, H., Kelany, M., Kamel, A., Hassaan, M., Rossi, W., Haroun, E. & Goda, A. 2020. Effects of dietary marine microalgae, Tetraselmis suecica, on production, gene expression, protein markers and bacterial count of Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. Aquaculture Research 51(6): 2216-2228. Sintra, T.E., Bagagem, S.S., Ahsaie, F.G., Fernandes, A., Martins, M., Macario, I.P.E., Pereira, J.L., Goncalves, F.J.M., Pazuki, G., Coutinho, J.A.P. & Ventura, S.P.M. 202. Sequential recovery of C-phycocyanin and chlorophylls from Anabaena cylindrica. Separation and Purification Technology 255: 1-9. Sivanandavel, P., Soundarapandian, P. & Kannuoandi, T. 2007. Different feed ingredients on growth, survival, production and feed conversion rasio of cage reared white shrimp, Penaeus indicus at vellar estuary. Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science 2(3): 216-225. Skrede, A., Mydland, L.T., Ahlstrem, O., Reitan, K.I., Gislered, H.R. & Overland, M. 2011. Evaluation of microalgae as sources of digestible nutrients for monogastric animals. Journal of Animal and Feed Sciences 20(1): 131-142. Soeharmanto, D., Prabowo, W.T., Setyadi, C.R., Zuraidah, I. & Segar, P. 2019. Kekerangan penggunaan pakan buatan yang diperkaya tepung kekerangan pada induk udang vaname. Jurnal Perekayasaan Budidaya Air Payau dan Laut14: 21-27. Sudaryono, A. 2001. Pellet water stability studies on lupin meal based shrimp (Penaeus monodon) aquacultured feeds. Journal of Coastal Development 4(3): 129-140. Sugama, K., Novita, H. & Koesharyani, I. 2006. Production performance, diseases, SPF-breeding and risk issues concerning white shrimp, Penaeus vannamei, introduction into Indonesia. Indonesian Aquaculture Journal 1(1): 71-77. Syafaat, M.N., Gunarto, Sulaeman, Herlinah, Ma, H. & Ikhwanuddin, M. 2019. Effects of different feeding regimes on larvae and crablets of purple mud crab, Scylla tranquebarica (Fabricius, 1798). Aquaculture Reports 15: 1-7. Taukhid, T. & Nur’aini, Y.L. 2008. Infectious myonecrosis virus (IMNV) in pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) in Indonesia. Indonesian Aquaculture Journal 3(2): 139-146. Tawwab, M.A., Riad, H.K., Abdelaziz, M.N., Basem, K.L., Eman, K. & Hany,
M.R.A.L. 2020. Effects of Bacillus subtilis fermented rice bran on water
quality, performance, antioxidants/oxidants and immunity biomarkers of white
leg shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei reared at different salinities with zero water exchange. Journal of
Applied Aquaculture 34(2): 1-27.
Tibbetts, S.M., Milley, J.E. & Lall, S.P. 2015. Chemical composition and nutritional properties of freshwater and marine microalgal biomass cultured in photobioreactors. Journal of Applied Phycology 27(3): 1109-1119. Tossavainen, M., Lahti, K., Edelmann, M., Esloka, R., Lampi, A.M., Piironen, V., Korvonen, P., Ojala, A. & Romantschuk, M. 2019. Integrated utilization of microalgae cultured in aquaculture wastewater: Wastewater treatment and production of valuable fatty acids and tocopherols. Journal of Applied Phycology 31(3): 1753-1763. Tran, N., Rodriguez, U.P., Chan, C.Y., Phillips, M.C., Mohan, C.V., Henrikson, P.J.G., Koeshendrajana, S., Suri, S. & Hall, S. 2017. Indonesian aquaculture futures: An analysis of fish supply and demand in Indonesia to 2030 and role of aquaculture using the Asia fish model. Marine Policy 79: 25-32. Ulumiah, M., Lamid, M., Soepranianondo, K., Al-arif, M.A., Alamsjah, M.A. & Soeharsono, S. 2020. Manajemen pakan dan analisis usaha budidaya udang vaname (Litopanaeus vannamei) pada lokasi yang berbeda di Kabupaten Bangkalan dan Kabupaten Sidoarjo. Journal of Aquaculture and Fish Health 9(2): 95-103. Vaghei, G.R., Abolhasani, M.H., Matinfar, A., Dadgar, S. & Ghorbani, R. 2017. Production of artificial diets for female broodstock of western white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) and study on their singular effect. Iranian Journal of Fisheries Sciences 16(4): 1204-1213. Wang, Y., Wang, K., Huang, L., Dong, P., Wang, S., Chen, H., Lu, Z., Hou, D. & Zhang, D. 2020. Fine-scale succession patterns and assembly mechanisms of bacterial community of Litopenaeus vannamei larvae across the developmental cycle. Microbiome 8(1): 1-16. Widiastuti, R., Hutabarat, J. & Herawati, V.E. 2012. Pengaruh pemberian pakan alami berbeda (Skeletonema costatumdan Chaetoceros gracilis) terhadap pertumbuhan biomass mutlak dan kandungan nutrisi Artemia sp. lokal. Journal of Aquaculture Management and Technology 1(1): 1-13. Wouters, R., Lavens, P., Nieto, J. & Sorgeloos, P. 2001. Penaeid shrimp broodstock nutrition: An updated review on research and development. Aquaculture 202(1-2): 1-21. Wouters, R., Zambrano, B., Espin, M., Calderon, J., Lavens, P. & Sorgeloos, P. 2002. Experimental broodstock diets as partial fresh food substitutes in white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. Aquaculture Nutrition 8(4): 249-256. Xue, S., Ding, J., Li, J., Jiang, Z., Fang, J. & Zhao, F. 2021. Effects of live, artificial and mixed feeds on the growth and energy budget of Penaeus vannamei. Aquaculture Reports 19: 1-6. Zelaya, O., Davis, D.A. & Rouse, D.B. 2007. The influence of Artemia and algal supplements during the nursery phase of rearing pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei. Journal of World Aquaculture Society 38(4): 486-496.
*Pengarang untuk surat-menyurat; email: luthfianaas@fpk.unair.ac.id
|
|||
