Sains Malaysiana 52(5)(2023):
1469-1483
http://doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2023-5205-11
Deep
Eutectic Solvent Coupled with High Performance Liquid Chromatography for
Extraction of Bisphenols and
Phthalates from Selected Freshwater Source in Selangor, Malaysia
(Pelarut Eutektik
Dalam Digandingkan dengan Kromatografi Cecair Berprestasi Tinggi untuk
Pengekstrakan Bisfenol dan Phthalat daripada Sumber Air Tawar Terpilih di
Selangor, Malaysia)
JANANEE
A/P BALARAMAN1, NOORASHIKIN MD SALEH1,*, MUHAMMAD
ZULHAZIMAN MAT SALLEH 1, FARHANINI YUSOFF2 & SALIZA
ASMAN3
1Department of Chemical and Process Engineering,
Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia,
43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
2Faculty of Science and Marine Environment, Universiti
Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu Darul Iman, Malaysia
3Department of Physics and Chemistry, Faculty of
Applied Sciences and Technology, University Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, UTHM
Pagoh Campus, Pagoh Higher Education Hub, KM 1, Jalan Panchor, 84600 Muar,
Johor Darul Takzim, Malaysia
Diserahkan:
12 Januari 2023/Diterima: 26 April 2023
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) and phthalates (PAEs)
are endocrine disrupting chemicals that are abundantly found in the
environment. These chemicals leach from polycarbonate plastics and epoxy resins into the environment when exposed
to heat. Human exposure to these chemicals causes various health issues; hence, the
detection of BPA and PAEs has become more sensitive, and thus it is the most
important environmental issue to be reduced due to consequences on human
health. This research aimed to determine the optimum parameter of extraction
process for BPA and PAEs from water samples by using deep eutectic solvent
(DES) coupled with high performance liquid chromatography- ultraviolet
spectroscopy (HPLC-UV). Water samples for BPA and PAEs extraction were from
various rivers and lakes in Selangor. The solvent used in the DES was a mixture
of decanoic acid and tetrabutylammonium iodide. The extraction parameters that
have been studied are molar ratio i.e., 1:2, 1:3 and 1:4, extraction time i.e.,
10, 15 and 20 min, extraction temperature i.e., 50, 60 and 70 ºC and solvent
volume i.e., 3, 6 and 9 mL. The optimum molar ratio of solvent and extraction
time were 1:2 and 20 min, respectively. The best extraction temperature and
volume of solvent with the highest recovery rate were 70 ºC and 3 mL. Sungai
Kuang shows the highest bisphenol-A concentration of 23.9613 µg/L while Sungai
Nada has the highest benzyl-butyl phthalates concentration of 73.6834 µg/L.
Sungai Damansara shows the highest dibutyl phthalates concentration of 7.3163
µg/L. In conclusion, data obtained in this research will contribute a new
knowledge in the Sustainable Development Goals 6, which is clean water and
sanitation because the world is progressing to increase access
to clean drinking water and sanitation. There are also some other
endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDC) such as disinfection byproducts and
pesticides which is more suitable to be extracted from water samples using
solid phase microextraction due to low contamination in water. It is very
important to research, detect and extract the bisphenol and phthalates from
water sources as these pollutants might cause health issues and environmental
pollutions which cannot be resolved in future due to its smaller size and its
existence in large quantity.
Keywords: Bisphenols; deep eutectic
solvent; freshwater; Phthalates
Abstrak
Bisfenol A (BPA) dan phthalat (PAEs)
adalah bahan kimia yang mengganggu sistem endokrin yang banyak terdapat di alam
sekitar. Bahan kimia ini meresap daripada plastik polikarbonat dan resin epoksi
ke dalam persekitaran apabila terdedah kepada haba. Pendedahan manusia kepada
bahan kimia ini menyebabkan pelbagai masalah kesihatan; Oleh itu, pengesanan
BPA dan PAE telah menjadi lebih sensitif dan merupakan isu alam sekitar yang
paling penting untuk dikurangkan kerana kesannya terhadap kesihatan manusia.
Kajian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan parameter optimum dalam pengekstrakan BPA
dan PAE daripada sampel air dengan menggunakan pelarut eutektik (DES)
dianalisis dengan kromatografi cecair berprestasi tinggi- spektroskopi
ultraungu (HPLC-UV). Sampel air untuk pengekstrakan BPA dan PAE adalah dari
pelbagai sungai dan tasik di Selangor. Pelarut yang digunakan dalam DES ialah
campuran asid dekanoik dan tetrabutilammonium iodida. Nisbah molar optimum pelarut
dan masa pengekstrakan masing-masing ialah 1:2 dan 10 min. Suhu pengekstrakan
dan isi padu pelarut terbaik dengan kadar pemulihan tertinggi ialah 50 ºC dan
10 mL. Kepekatan tertinggi BPA dan PAE yang dikesan dalam sampel air ialah
0.0256 mg/L BPA di Sungai Kuang. Kesimpulannya, data yang diperoleh dalam
penyelidikan ini akan menyumbang satu pengetahuan baharu dalam Matlamat
Pembangunan Lestari 6 (SDG 6) iaitu air bersih dan sanitasi kerana dunia
semakin berkembang untuk meningkatkan akses kepada air minuman dan sanitasi
bersih.
Kata kunci: Air tawar; bisfenol;
phthalat; pelarut eutektik dalam
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*Pengarang untuk
surat-menyurat; email: noorashikin@ukm.edu.my
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