Malaysian Journal of Analytical Sciences Vol 20 No 2 (2016): 342 - 350

 

 

 

AN EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN METHOD FOR THE EXTRACTION OF EURYCOMANONE FROM TONGKAT ALI (Eurycoma longifolia)

ROOTS USING PRESSURISED LIQUID EXTRACTION (PLE)

 

(Kaedah  Reka bentuk Eksperimen bagi Pengekstrakan Eurikomanon daripada Akar Tongkat Ali (Eurycoma longifolia) Menggunakan Pengekstrakan Cecair Tekanan Tinggi)

 

Rozita Osman*, Norashikin Saim, Mardiana Saaid, Nor Nasriah Zaini

 

Faculty of Applied Sciences,

Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia

 

*Corresponding author: rozit471@salam.uitm.edu.my

 

 

Received: 24 February 2015; Accepted: 27 October 2015

 

 

Abstract

Pressurised liquid extraction (PLE) method was utilised to extract eurycomanone from Tongkat Ali root (Eurycoma longifolia) using water as extraction solvent. Optimisation of PLE operating parameters was conducted using three-factor response surface experimental design to evaluate the interactive effects of temperature (90 – 150 ºC), extraction time (10 – 30 min) and pressure (850 – 1700 psi) on the yield of eurycomanone. Online solid phase extraction – high performance liquid chromatography (SPE-HPLC) with a diode array detector (DAD) was used for the separation and detection of this compound. Extraction temperature was found significant in increasing the yield of eurycomanone. Based on maximum yield of eurycomanone, the optimum operating extraction conditions for PLE were set up at temperature (106 °C), pressure (870 psi) and static time (30 min). The amount of eurycomanone from Tongkat Ali root samples of various sources was analysed using the optimised PLE conditions.

 

Keywords: pressurised liquid extraction, Eurycoma longifolia, eurycomanone, solid phase extraction – liquid    chromatography

 

Abstrak

Kaedah pengekstrakan cecair tekanan tinggi (PLE) telah digunakan untuk mengekstrak eurikomanon daripada akar Tongkat Ali (Eurycoma longifolia) menggunakan air sebagai pelarut. Pengoptimuman parameter operasi PLE dijalankan dengan menggunakan reka bentuk eksperimen gerak balas permukaan tiga faktor untuk menilai kesan interaktif suhu (90 – 150 °C), masa pengekstrakan (10 – 30 min) dan tekanan (850 – 1700 psi) ke atas hasil eurikomanon. Pengekstrakan fasa pepejal-kromatografi cecair tekanan tinggi (SPE-HPLC) dengan pengesan diod (DAD) telah digunakan untuk pemisahan dan pengesanan sebatian ini. Suhu pengekstrakan didapati penting dalam meningkatkan hasil eurikomanon. Berdasarkan hasil maksimum eurikomanon, pengkstrakan optimum untuk PLE, ialah suhu (106 °C), tekanan (870 psi) dan masa static (30 minit). Amaun eurikomanon daripada  pelbagai sampel akar Tongkat Ali telah dianalisis dengan menggunakan keadaan PLE yang telah dioptimumkan.

 

Kata kunci:   pengekstrakan cecair tekanan tinggi, Eurycoma longifolia, eurikomanon, pengekstrakan fasa pepejal –kromatografi cecair

 

References

1.       Bedir, E., Abou-Gazar, H., Ngwendson, J. N. and Khan, I. A. (2003). Eurycomanoside: a new Quassinoids-type glycoside from the roots of Eurycoma longifolia. Chemical Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 51(11): 1301 – 1302.

2.       Ang, H. H., Hitotsuyanagi, Y., Fukaya, H. and Takeya, K. (2002). Quassinoids from Eurycoma longifolia.  Phytochemistry, 59:833 – 837.

3.       Morita, H., Kishi, E., Takeya, K., Itokawa, H. and Iitaka, Y. (1993). Squalene derivatives from Eurycoma longifolia. Phytochemistry, 34:765 – 771.

4.       Itokawa, H., Qin, X. R., Morita, H. and Takeya, K. J. (1993). C18 and C19 Quassinoids from Eurycoma longifolia. Journal of Nature Products, 56: 1766 – 1771.

5.       Kardono, L. B. S., Angerhofer, C. K., Tsauri, S., Padmawinata, K., Pezzuto L. M., Kinghorn A. D. J. (1991). Cytotoxic and antimalarial constituents of the roots of Eurycoma longifolia. Journal of Nature Products, 54:1360 – 1367.

6.       Jiwajinda, S., Santisopasri, V., Murakami, A., Kawanaka, M., Kawanaka, H. and Gasquet, M. 2002. In vitro anti-tumor promoting and anti-parasitic activities of the Quassinoids from Eurycoma longlifolia, a medical plant in Southeast Asia. Journal of Ethnopharmacology., 82:55 – 58.

7.       Chan, K. L., Choo, C.Y., Abdullah, N. R. and Ismail, Z. (2004). Antiplasmodial studies of Eurycoma longifolia jack using the Lactare Dehydrogenase assay of Plasmodium Falciparum. Journal of  Ethnopharmacology. 92: 223 – 227.

8.       Bhat, A and Karim, A. A. (2010). Tongkat Ali (Eurycoma longifolia Jack): a review on its ethnobotany and pharmacological importance. Fitoterapia, 81: 669 – 679.

9.       Mohamad, M., Ali, M. W., Ripin, A. and Ahmad, A. (2013). Effect of extraction process parameters on the yield of bioactive compounds from the roots of Eurycoma longifolia. Jurnal Teknologi. 60:51 – 57.

10.    Chan, K. L., Choo, C.Y., Morita, H. and Itokawa, H. (1998). High performance liquid chromatography in phytochemical analysis of Eurycoma longifolia. Planta Medica, 64(8): 741 – 745.

11.    Zhang, S., Bi, H. and Liu, C. (2007). Extraction of bio-active components from Rhodiola Sachalinensis under ultrahigh hydrostatic pressure. Separation and Purification Technology, 57: 277 – 282.

12.    Luque de Castro, M. D. and Garcia, L. E. (1998). Soxhlet extraction of solid materials: an outdated technique with a promising innovative future. Analytica  Chimica Acta, 369: 1–10.

13.    Cheah, E. L. C., Heng, P. W. S. and Chan, L. W. (2010). Optimization of supercritical fluid extraction and pressurized liquid extraction of active principles from Magnolia officinalis using the Taguchi design. Separation and Purification Technology, 71: 293 – 301.

14.    Ozel, M. Z., Gogus, F. and Lewis, A. C. (2003). Subcritical water extraction of essential oils from Thymbra spicata. Food Chemistry, 82: 381 – 386.

15.    Ong, E. S. (2004). Extraction methods and chemical standardization of botanicals and herbal preparations. Journal of Chromatography B, 812: 23 – 33.

16.    Joglekar, A. M. and May, A. T. (1987). Product excellent through design of experiments. Cereal Foods World, 32: 857 – 868.

17.    Carabias-Martίnez, R., Rodrίquez-Gonzalo, E., Revilla-Ruiz, P. and Hernandez-Mendez, J. (2005). Pressurized liquid extraction in the analysis of food and biological samples. Journal of Chromatography A, 1089: 1 – 17.

18.    Gámez-Gracia, L., and Luque de Castro, M. D. (2000). Continuous subcritical water extraction of medicinal plant essential oil: comparison with conventional techniques. Talanta, 51: 1179 – 1185.

19.    Joshi, K., Chavan, P., Warude, D and Patwardhan, B. (2004). Molecular markers in herbal drug technology. Current Science, 87(2): 159 – 165.