Sains Malaysiana 48(11)(2019): 2343–2353

http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2019-4811-06

Distribution of Chromium and Gallium in the Total Suspended Solid and Surface Sediments of Sungai Kelantan, Kelantan, Malaysia

(Taburan Kromium dan Galium di dalam Jumlah Pepejal Terampai dan Permukaan Sedimen di Sungai Kelantan, Kelantan, Malaysia)

MOHAMAD ARIF CHE ABD RAHIM¹, ANIRUTH A/L APROI¹, XUEFA SHI², SHENGFA LIU², MASNI MOHD ALI¹, WAN ZUHAIRI WAN YAACOB¹ & CHE ABD RAHIM MOHAMED¹*

¹Center of Earth Science and Environment, Faculty of Science & Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia

²First Institute of Oceanography, SOA, No.6, Xianxialing Road, Qingdao, China

Received: 6 April 2019/Accepted: 15 August 2019

ABSTRACT

Concentration level of chromium (Cr) and gallium (Ga) were measured in the total suspended solid (TSS) and surface sediments to investigate its distribution and anthropogenic inputs along Sungai Kelantan. The in-situ water quality parameters, surface sediment and surface water were collected using calibrated portable YSI water quality meter, ponar grab and water sampler, respectively. The concentration range of chromium and gallium in TSS were from 19-111 μg/g and 153-3762 μg/g, respectively, along the river. While in surface sediment, the concentrations ranged from 16-172 μg/g for Cr and 25-82 μg/g for Ga. The high concentration of Ga in TSS and Cr in sediment would suggest that the anthropogenic inputs takes place in the river channel, which is due to human activities such as sand exploration along Sungai Kelantan. In mobilization towards the estuary, Ga was more easily transported in the TSS from upstream to downstream especially during the wet season. Cr was dominant in sediment due to its affinity towards inorganic minerals and easily being scavenged in the water column during burial onto the riverbed sediment. Spatial distribution was prominent as several factors affecting the distribution along the river channel addresses the lighter gallium and dissolution of chromium towards surface sediment while being mobilize further for overall distribution before sinking in the estuarine region.

Keywords: Heavy metal; monsoonal season; pollutants; river; sediments

ABSTRAK

Aras kepekatan kromium (Cr) dan galium (Ga) telah diukur dalam jumlah pepejal terampai (TSS) dan sedimen permukaan untuk mengkaji taburan dan juga kemasukan sumber antropogenik di sepanjang Sungai Kelantan. Parameter in-situ kualiti air, sedimen permukaan dan air permukaan dikumpul dengan menggunakan YSI meter kualiti air mudah alih yang dikalibrasi, pensampel cekau ponar dan persampel air. Julat kepekatan Cr dan Ga di dalam TSS adalah dari 19-111 μg/g dan 153-3762 μg/g masing-masing, di sepanjang sungai. Manakala di sedimen permukaan pula, julat kepekatan adalah dari 16-172 μg/g untuk Cr dan 25-82 μg/g untuk Ga. Aras kepekatan yang tinggi dalam TSS adalah Ga, manakala Cr dalam sedimen menunjukkan bahawa kemasukan input antropogenik berlaku di dalam aliran sungai yang disebabkan oleh aktiviti manusia seperti penggalian pasir di sepanjang Sungai Kelantan. Bagi mobilisasi ke arah muara, Ga lebih mudah diangkut ke dalam TSS dari hulu ke hilir terutamanya semasa musim hujan. Cr adalah lebih dominan di dalam sedimen akibat keafinan ke arah unsur mineral tak organik dan mudah diskaveng di dalam turus air semasa pengebumian di atas sedimen sungai. Sebaran ruang adalah peranan yang menonjol sebagai salah satu faktor yang mempengaruhi taburan di sepanjang aliran sungai dengan mengenal pasti bahawa Ga yang lebih ringan dan pelarutan Cr ke dalam sedimen permukaan ketika mobilisasi mempengaruhi taburan keseluruhan sebelum terbenam di kawasan muara.

Kata kunci: Logam berat; musim monsun; pencemar; sedimen; sungai

REFERENCES

Abdulkareem, J.H., Sulaiman, W.N.A., Pradhan, B. & Jamil, N.R. 2018. Long-term hydrologic impact assessment of non-point source pollution measured through land use/land cover (LULC) changes in a tropical complex catchment. Earth Systems and Environment 2(1): 67-84.

Akhir, M.F., Daryabor, F., Husain, M.L., Tangang, F. & Qiao, F. 2015. Evidence of upwelling along Peninsular Malaysia during Southwest Monsoon. Open Journal of Marine Science 5(July): 273-279.

Alagarsamy, R. 2006. Distribution and seasonal variation of trace metals in surface sediments of the Mandovi estuary, West Coast of India. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 67(1-2): 333-339.

Allen, D., Arthur, S., Haynes, H. & Olive, V. 2017. Multiple rainfall event pollution transport by sustainable drainage systems: The fate of fine sediment pollution. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology 14(3): 639-652.

Ansari, A.A., Singh, I.B. & Tobschall, H.J. 2000. Role of monsoon rain on concentrations and dispersion patterns of metal pollutants in sediments and soils of the Ganga Plain, India. Environmental Geology 39(3-4): 221-237.

Awadalla, S. & Noor, I.M. 1991. Induced climate change on surface runoff in Kelantan Malaysia. International Journal of Water Resources Development 7(1): 53-59.

Bénézeth, P. 1994. Gallium solubility and aqueous speciation in hydrothermal solutions (60-250°C): Experimental study and comparison with aluminum. Mineralogical Magazine 58A(1): 71-72.

Bradl, H.B. 2004. Adsorption of heavy metal ions on soils and soils constituents. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 277(1): 1-18.

Bucur, C., Olteanu, M. & Pavelescu, M. 2006. Radionuclide diffusion in geological media. Rom. Journal of Physics 51(3-4): 469-478.

Buranapratheprat, A., Luadnakrob, P., Yanagi, T., Morimoto, A. & Qiao, F. 2016. The modification of water column conditions in the Gulf of Thailand by the influences of the South China Sea and monsoonal winds. Continental Shelf Research 118: 100-110.

Daud, Z., Abd, C. & Mohamed, R. 2013. Preliminary studies on distribution and behavior of rare earth elements in the Sungai Balok, Kuantan. Advancements in Marine and Freshwater Sciences 10(2012): 273-281.

Dundar, M.S. & Altundag, H. 2018. Distribution of some major and trace elements in the lower Sakarya River by using ICP-MS. Journal of Chemical Metrology 12(2): 128-139.

Dürr, H.H., Laruelle, G.G., Van Kempen, C.M., Slomp, C.P., Meybeck, M. & Middelkoop, H. 2011. Worldwide typology of nearshore coastal systems: Defining the estuarine filter of river inputs to the oceans. Estuaries and Coasts 34(3): 441-458.

Elsokkary, I. & Muller, G. 1990. Assessment and speciation of chromium, nickel, lead and cadmium in the sediments of the River Nile, Egypt. Science of The Total Environment 97-98: 455-463.

Eneji, I.S., Ato, R.S. & Annune, P.A. 2011. Bioaccumulation of heavy metals in fish (Tilapia zilli and Clarias gariepinus) organs from river benue, north ñ Central Nigeria. Pakistan Journal of Analytical and Environmental Chemistry 12(1 & 2).

Furness, R.W. 2018. Heavy Metals in the Marine Environment. Boca Raton: CRC Press.

Gandaseca, S., Rosli, N., Ngayop, J. & Arianto, C.I. 2011. Status of water quality based on the physico-chemical assessment on river water at wildlife sanctuary Sibuti Mangrove Forest, Miri Sarawak. American Journal of Environmental Sciences 7(3): 269-275.

Hashim, R., Song, T.H., Muslim, N.Z.M. & Yen, T.P. 2014. Determination of heavy metal levels in fishes from the lower reach of the Kelantan River, Kelantan, Malaysia. Tropical Life Sciences Research 25(2): 21-39.

Heng, C.L. & Singh, D.S. 1986. The nature and potential of gold mineralisation in Kelantan, Peninsular Malaysia. GEOSEA V Proceedings, Vol. I. Bulletin of the Geological Society of Malaysia 19(April): 431-440.

Homoky, W.B., Weber, T., Berelson, W.M., Conway, T.M., Henderson, G.M., Van Hulten, M. & Jeandel, C. 2016. Quantifying trace element and isotope fluxes at the ocean-sediment boundary: A review. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 374(2081): 20160246.

Ip, C.C.M., Li, X.D., Zhang, G., Wai, O.W.H. & Li, Y. 2007. Trace metal distribution in sediments of the Pearl River Estuary and the surrounding coastal area, South China. Environmental Pollution 147(2): 311-323.

Kim, J.W., Jang, H.S., Kim, J.G., Ishibashi, H., Hirano, M., Nasu, K. & Ichikawa, N. 2009. Occurrence of pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs) in surface water from Mankyung River, South Korea. Journal of Health Science 55(2): 249-258.

Koleli, N. & Demir, A. 2016. Chromite. In Environmental Materials and Waste, edited by Prasad, M.N.V. & Kaimin, Shih. New York: Academic Press. pp. 245-263.

Li, B., Jiang, S.Y., Zou, H.Y., Yang, M. & Lai, J.Q. 2015. Geology and fluid characteristics of the Ulu Sokor gold deposit, Kelantan, Malaysia: Implications for ore genesis and classification of the deposit. Ore Geology Reviews 64(1): 400-424.

Liu, M. & Fan, D.J. 2011. Geochemical records in the subaqueous Yangtze River delta and their responses to human activities in the past 60 years. Chinese Science Bulletin 56(6): 552-561.

Manjunatha, B.R., Balakrishna, K., Shankar, R. & Mahalingam, T.R. 2001. Geochemistry and assessment of metal pollution in soils and river components of a monsoon-dominated environment near Karwar, southwest coast of India. Environmental Geology 40(11-12): 1462-1470.

Matisoff, G., Watson, S.B., Guo, J., Duewiger, A. & Steely, R. 2017. Sediment and nutrient distribution and resuspension in Lake Winnipeg. Science of the Total Environment 575: 173-186.

Młynarczyk, Z., Sobczynski, T. & Słowik, M. 2006. Changes of chromium concentration in alluvial sediments of the Obra River valley. Environmental Geology 50(3): 423-429.

Mohiuddin, K.M., Zakir, H.M., Otomo, K., Sharmin, S. & Shikazono, N. 2010. Geochemical distribution of trace metal pollutants in water and sediments of downstream of an urban river. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology 7(1): 17-28.

Orians, K.J. & Bruland, K.W. 1988. Dissolved gallium in the open ocean. Nature 332(6166): 717-719.

Pawlikowski, M., Szalińska, E., Wardas, M. & Dominik, J. 2006. Chromium originating from tanneries in river sediments: A preliminary investigation from the upper Dunajec River (Poland). Polish Journal of Environmental Studies 15(6): 885-894.

Perera, E.D.P. & Lahat, L. 2015. Fuzzy logic based flood forecasting model for the Kelantan River basin, Malaysia. Journal of Hydro-Environment Research 9(4): 542-553.

Prathumratana, L., Sthiannopkao, S. & Kim, K.W. 2008. The relationship of climatic and hydrological parameters to surface water quality in the lower Mekong River. Environment International 34(6): 860-866.

Reza, R. & Singh, G. 2010. Heavy metal contamination and its indexing approach for river water. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology 7(4): 785-792.

Roseli, N.H. & Akhir, M.F.M. 2014. Variations of Southern South China Sea characteristics near Pahang. Sains Malaysiana 43(9): 1389-1396.

Sadeghi, S.H., Gharemahmudli, S., Kheirfam, H., Khaledi Darvishan, A., Kiani Harchegani, M., Saeidi, P. & Gholami, L. 2018. Effects of type, level and time of sand and gravel mining on particle size distributions of suspended sediment. International Soil and Water Conservation Research 6(2): 184-193.

Sarimin, A.S. & Mohamed, C.A.R. 2012. Elements content in otolith as pollution indicator for cultured sea bass (Lates calcarifer) of Malaysia. Journal of Environmental Protection 03(12): 1689-1703.

Sarimin, A.S. & Mohamed, C.A.R. 2014. Sr/Ca, Mg/Ca and Ba/ Ca ratios in the otolith of sea bass in Peninsular Malaysia as salinity influence markers. Sains Malaysiana 43(5): 757-766.

Schwientek, M., Rugner, H., Beckingham, B., Kuch, B. & Grathwohl, P. 2013. Integrated monitoring of particle associated transport of PAHs in contrasting catchments. Environmental Pollution 172: 155-162.

Shaari, H., Nurul, S., Mohamad, H., Sultan, K., Bidai, J. & Mohamad, Y. 2015. Spatial distribution of selected heavy metals in surface sediments of the EEZ of the East Coast of Peninsular Malaysia. International Journal of Oceanography 2015: 618074.

Sheikhy Narany, T., Aris, A.Z., Sefie, A. & Keesstra, S. 2017. Detecting and predicting the impact of land use changes on groundwater quality, a case study in Northern Kelantan, Malaysia. Science of The Total Environment 599-600: 844- 853.

Shiller, A.M. & Bairamadgi, G.R. 2006. Dissolved gallium in the Northwest Pacific and the south and central Atlantic Oceans: Implications for aeolian Fe input and a reconsideration of profiles. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems 7: 8 http:// aquila.usm.edu/fac_pubs/2294.

Sturgill, J.A., Swartzbaugh, J.T. & Randall, P.M. 2000. Pollution prevention in the semiconductor industry through recovery and recycling of gallium and arsenic from GaAs polishing wastes. Clean Products and Processes 2(1): 0018-0027.

Suhaila, J., Deni, S.M., Zawiah Zin, W.A.N. & Jemain, A.A. 2010. Trends in Peninsular Malaysia rainfall data during the southwest monsoon and northeast monsoon seasons: 1975- 2004. Sains Malaysiana 39(4): 533-542.

Teuchies, J., Vandenbruwaene, W., Carpentier, R., Bervoets, L., Temmerman, S., Wang, C., Maris, T., Cox, T.J.S., Van Braeckel, A. & Meire, P. 2013. Estuaries as filters: The role of tidal marshes in trace metal removal. PLoS ONE 8(8): e70381.

Varol, M., Gokot, B., Bekleyen, A. & Şen, B. 2012. Water quality assessment and apportionment of pollution sources of Tigris River (Turkey) using multivariate statistical techniques-A case study. River Research and Applications 28(9): 1428- 1438.

Wang, A.J., Bong, C.W., Xu, Y., Hassan, M.H.A., Ye, X., Bakar, A.F.A. & Li, Y. 2017. Assessment of heavy metal pollution in surficial sediments from a tropical river-estuary-shelf system: A case study of Kelantan River, Malaysia. Marine Pollution Bulletin 125(1-2): 492-500.

Wardah, T., Kamil, A.A., Sahol Hamid, A.B. & Maisarah, W.W.I. 2011. Statistical verification of numerical weather prediction models for quantitative precipitation forecast. 2011 IEEE Colloquium on Humanities, Science and Engineering, CHUSER 2011: 88-92.

Yang, J.L. & Chen, H.C. 2003. Effects of gallium on common carp (Cyprinus carpio): Acute test, serum biochemistry, and erythrocyte morphology. Chemosphere 53(8): 877-882.

Yen, T.P. & Rohasliney, H. 2013. Status of water quality subject to sand mining in the Kelantan River, Kelantan. Tropical Life Sciences Research 24(1): 19-34.

Yuan, W., Saldi, G.D., Chen, J.B., Vetuschi Zuccolini, M., Birck, J.L., Liu, Y. & Schott, J. 2018. Gallium isotope fractionation during Ga adsorption on calcite and goethite. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 223: 350-363.

Yuan, X., Zhang, L., Li, J., Wang, C. & Ji, J. 2014. Sediment properties and heavy metal pollution assessment in the river, estuary and lake environments of a fluvial plain, China. Catena 119: 52-60.

Yusoff, A.H., Zulkifli, S.Z., Ismail, A. & Mohamed, C.A.R. 2015. Vertical trend of trace metals deposition in sediment core off Tanjung Pelepas Harbour, Malaysia. Procedia Environmental Sciences 30: 211-216.

*Corresponding author; email: carmohd@ukm.edu.my