Sains Malaysiana 48(11)(2019): 2415–2425

http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2019-4811-12

Kadar Pelepasan Bromokarbon Jangka Hayat Pendek oleh Rumpai Laut Tropika menggunakan Simulasi Laut Tropika

(Release Rates of Very Short-Lived Bromocarbon by Tropical Seaweeds using Tropical Sea Simulation)

CHANDRAN RAYNUSHA¹, MOHAMMAD ROZAIMI¹, NUR HIDAYAH¹, KUHAN CHANDRU^3,4, WAN SHAFRINA WAN MOHD JAAFAR⁵, NOOR LIANA MAT YAJIT⁶ & MOHD SHAHRUL MOHD NADZIR^1,2*

¹Pusat Sains Bumi & Alam Sekitar, Fakulti Sains & Teknologi, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia

²Pusat Sistem Perubahan Iklim Tropika (IKLIM), Institut Perubahan Iklim, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia

³Pusat Sains Angkasa (ANGKASA), Institut Perubahan Iklim, Tingkat 5, Bangunan Kompleks Penyelidikan, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia

⁴Jabatan Kimia Fizikal, Universiti Teknologi Kimia, Prag, Technicka 5, 16628, Prague6- Dejvice, Republik Czech

⁵Pusat Pencerapan Bumi, Institut Perubahan Iklim, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia

⁶Pusat Pengajian Bioteknologi dan Makanan Berfungsi, Fakulti Sains dan Teknologi, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia

Received: 1 April 2019/Accepted: 15 August 2019

ABSTRAK

Bagi negara tropika yang mempunyai keberhasilan marin yang tinggi seperti Malaysia, makroalga (rumpai laut) telah menjadi penyumbang utama kepada pelepasan bromokarbon jangka hayat pendek (VSL) ke dalam atmosfera. Faktor abiotik seperti keamatan cahaya dan kepekatan klorofil a telah diketahui mempengaruhi pengeluaran bromokarbon oleh rumpai laut, namun begitu masih lagi kurang kajian yang mengukur secara sistematik pengaruh rumpai laut terhadap kadar pelepasan bromokarbon VSL dijalankan. Oleh itu, sistem pengkulturan rumpai laut yang diselaraskan dengan keadaan persekitaran semula jadi disediakan bagi mengkaji kadar pelepasan bromokarbon VSL (CH2Br2, CHBr3 dan CHBr2Cl) bagi tujuh rumpai laut merah, perang dan hijau iaitu Gracilaria changii, Ulva reticulata, Caulerpa racemosa var. macrophysa, Kappaphycus alvarezii, Sargassum binderi, Sargassum siliquosum dan Padina australis. Penghasilan bromokarbon VSL menunjukkan kitaran diurnal dengan kepekatan halokarbon meningkat kepada tahap maksimum pada waktu tengahari (1738 pmolL-1) dan menurun apabila keamatan cahaya dan suhu permukaan laut (SST) berkurang. Penghasilan bromokarbon VSL rumpai laut yang diletakkan di bawah cahaya matahari adalah lima kali ganda lebih tinggi daripada penghasilan tangki akuakultur yang diletakkan dalam persekitaran gelap yang menunjukkan berlakunya penghasilan fotokimia. Purata kadar penghasilan fotokimia untuk bromokarbon VSL daripada uji kaji tangki akuakultur berjulat antara 1 dan 137 pmol per g-1 FW-1 h-1. Ini menjadikan rumpai laut merah (Gracilaria changii) sebagai pengeluar tertinggi. Begitu juga, bromoperoksida (BPO) yang diekstrak daripada kesemua rumpai laut juga menunjukkan aktiviti tertinggi dalam rumpai laut merah diikuti oleh rumpai laut perang dan hijau.

Kata kunci: Bahan jangka hayat pendek (VSLS); bromokarbon jangka hayat pendek (VSL); rumpai laut

ABSTRACT

Macroalgae (seaweeds) are a major contributor in emitting very short-lived (VSL) bromocarbons into the atmosphere especially in tropical countries with high primary productivity such as Malaysia. Abiotic factors such as light intensities and chlorophyll a concentrations can influence the production of bromocarbons emitted by seaweeds, however, not many studies have systematically quantified their influence on the release rates of VSL bromocarbons. Hence, to measure this, we used a seaweed culture system mimicking a natural environment to study the release rate of VSL bromocarbons (CH2Br2, CHBr3 and CHBr2Cl) for several red, brown and green seaweeds (Gracilaria changii, Ulva reticulata, Caulerpa racemosa var. macrophysa, Kappaphycus alvarezii, Sargassum binderi, Sargassum siliquosum, and Padina australis. The production of VSL bromocarbons showed a diurnal cycle with halocarbon concentrations increasing to a maximum level at mid-day (1738 pmolL-1) and decreasing when light intensity and SST decreased. The production of VSL bromocarbons of seaweeds kept in the sunlight is five times higher than the production of aquaculture tanks placed in dark environments indicating the occurrence of photochemical production. The average photochemical rate for VSL bromocarbons from aquaculture tank experiments ranges from 1 to 137 pmol per g-1 FW-1 h-1. This makes the red seaweeds (Gracilaria changii) as the highest. Likewise, bromoperoxide (BPO) extracted from all seaweeds also showed the highest activity in red seaweed followed by brown and green seaweed.

Keywords: Seaweeds; very short-lived (VSL) bromocarbon; very short-lived substances (VSLS)

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*Corresponding author; email: shahrulnadzir@ukm.edu.my