Sains Malaysiana 48(11)(2019): 2405–2413

http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2019-4811-11

Sumber Penyumbang Karbon ke dalam Sedimen Dataran Rumput Laut di Muara Sungai Pulai, Johor, Malaysia

(Source Contributors of Carbon to Sediments in the Seagrass Meadows of Sungai Pulai Estuary, Johor, Malaysia)

NUR HIDAYAH¹, MOHAMMAD ROZAIMI¹* & MOHD SHAHRUL MOHD NADZIR^1,2

¹Center for Earth Sciences and Environment, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia

²Centre for Tropical Climate Change System, Institute of Climate Change, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia

Received: 25 March 2019/Accepted: 15 August 2019

ABSTRAK

Terdapat banyak kajian karbon biru yang menggunakan kaedah penjejak isotop untuk mendapatkan maklumat mengenai sumbangan sumber bahan organik (OM) di dalam sedimen. Objektif kajian ini terbahagi kepada dua iaitu untuk mengetahui sumbangan sumber kepada takungan OM dan untuk membandingkan keberkesanan penggunaan dua jenis isotop stabil (δ13C dan δ15N) atau satu jenis isotop stabil (δ13C) dalam menentukan sumbangan OM di kawasan persampelan. Sampel rumput laut, makroalga, seston dan epifit di kawasan muara Sungai Pulai dianalisis dan diukur menggunakan jisim aliran nisbah isotop (IRMS). Analisis isotop stabil melalui R (SIAR) pula digunakan untuk menganggarkan sumbangan relatif keempat-empat sumber tersebut kepada takungan OM sedimen. Sampel seston mencatatkan nilai tertinggi (53 - 98%) dan rumput laut mencatatkan nilai terendah (7%) dalam sumbangan OM di dalam sedimen dataran rumput laut. Ini menunjukkan sumber luar (aloktonus) memainkan peranan yang penting kepada penambahan zarah terampai. Menggunakan dua penjejak isotop stabil, plot kepadatan menunjukkan sumbangan yang lebih kecil oleh seston (96.18 - 99.82%) berbanding menggunakan satu penjejak isotop stabil (89.15 - 99.75%). Terdapat perbezaan bererti (p<0.05) antara nilai julat peratus kebolehpercayaan (CI95%) penggunaan dua penjejak isotop stabil (δ13C dan δ15N) dan nilai julat peratus kebolehpercayaan (CI95%) penggunaan satu penjejak isotop stabil (δ13C). Hal ini menunjukkan nilai julat peratus kebolehpercayaan (CI95%) penggunaan dua penjejak isotop stabil lebih kecil iaitu bermaksud kebolehpercayaan adalah lebih tinggi melalui kaedah ini dalam pemodelan sumbangan sumber OM di kawasan kajian.

Kata kunci: Bahan organik; isotop stabil; model pencampuran Bayesian; SIAR

ABSTRACT

There are many blue carbon studies using isotopic tracer methods to obtain information on the source contribution of organic materials (OM) in the sediment. The objectives of this research were to identify the sources contributing to the sediment OM pool, and to compare the reliability of using dual stable isotopes (δ13C and δ15N) or single stable isotope (δ13C) in determining the source contributions of OM in the sampling area. Seagrass, macroalgae, seston and epiphyte samples in Sungai Pulai estuary were analyzed and measured using isotopic ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS). The relative contribution of the four sources to the OM pool sediment was estimated by using Stable Isotope Analysis in R (SIAR). Seston recorded the highest value (53 - 98%) and seagrass recorded the lowest value (7%) in OM contribution in the sediments of the seagrass meadow. This shows that external input (allochthonous) plays an important role in the addition of suspended particles. By using dual stable isotope tracer, density plots showed a smaller range of contribution by seston (96.18 - 99.82%) than using a single tracer (89.15 - 99.75%). There is a significant difference (p<0.05) between the value of the reliability percentage range (CI95%) using dual stable isotope tracer (δ13C and δ15N) than using a single tracer (δ13C). This showed that the value of the reliability range (CI95%) using dual stable isotope tracer is smaller and therefore the realibility is higher in the modelling of source contributions of OM in the study area.

Keywords: Bayesian mixing model; organic matter; SIAR; stable isotope

REFERENCES

Ahmad, F., Azman, S., Said, M.I.M. & Lavania-Baloo. 2015. Tropical seagrass as a bioindicator of metal accumulation. Sains Malaysiana 45(1): 203-210.

Ara, R., Arshad, A., Amin, S.N., Daud, S.K. & Ghaffar, M.A. 2011. Environment and diversity of ichthyoplankton in the seagrass beds of Sungai Pulai estuary, Johor, Peninsular Malaysia. Journal of Food, Agriculture and Environment 9(3&4): 733-738.

Arshad, A., Amin, S.N. & Osman, N. 2010. Population parameters of planktonic shrimp, Lucifer intermedius (Decapoda: Sergestidae) from Sungai Pulai Seagrass Area Johor, Peninsular Malaysia. Sains Malaysiana 39(6): 877-882.

Belicka, L.L. & Harvey, H.R. 2009. The sequestration of terrestrial organic carbon in arctic ocean sediments: A comparison of methods and implications for regional carbon budgets. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 73(20): 6231- 6248.

Benstead, J.P., March, J.G., Fry, B., Ewel, K.C. & Pringle, C.M. 2006. Testing isosource: Stable isotope analysis of a tropical fishery with diverse organic matter sources. Ecology 87(2): 326-333.

Bouillon, S. & Boschker, H.T.S. 2006. Bacterial carbon sources in coastal sediments: A cross-system analysis based on stable isotope data of biomarkers. Biogeosciences 3(2): 175-185.

Briand, M.J., Bonnet, X., Goiran, C., Guillou, G. & Letourneur, Y. 2015. Major sources of organic matter in a complex coral reef lagoon: Identification from isotopic signatures (δ13C and δ15N). PLoS ONE 10(7): e0131555.

Bulthuis, D.A. & Woelkerling, W.J. 1983. Biomass accumulation and shading effects of epiphytes on leaves of the seagrass, Heterozostera Tasmanica, in Victoria, Australia. Aquatic Botany 16(2): 137-148.

Cob, Z.C., Arshad, A., Bujang, J.S. & Ghaffar, M.A. 2014. Spatial and temporal variations in Strombus canarium (Gastropoda: Strombidae) abundance at Merambong seagrass bed, Malaysia. Sains Malaysiana 43(4): 503-511.

Chen, G.C., Ulumuddin, Y.I., Pramudji, S., Chen, S.Y., Chen, B., Ye, Y., Ou, D.Y., Ma, Z.Y., Huang, H. & Wang, J.K. 2014. Rich soil carbon and nitrogen but low atmospheric greenhouse gas fluxes from north sulawesi mangrove swamps in Indonesia. Science of the Total Environment 487: 91-96.

Collins, A.L., Walling, D.E., Webb, L. & King, P. 2010. Apportioning catchment scale sediment sources using a modified composite fingerprinting technique incorporating property weightings and prior information. Geoderma 155(3- 4): 249-261.

Dauby, P. 1989. The stable carbon isotope ratios in benthic food webs of the Gulf of Calvi, Corsica. Continental Shelf Research 9(2): 181-195.

De Troch, M., Gurdebeke, S., Fiers, F. & Vincx, M. 2001. Zonation and structuring factors of meiofauna communities in a tropical seagrass bed (Gazi Bay, Kenya). Journal of Sea Research 45(1): 45-61.

Duarte, C.M. & Cebrián, J. 1996. The fate of marine autotrophic production. Limnology and Oceanography 41(8): 1758-1766.

Duarte, C.M., Kennedy, H., Marbà, N. & Hendriks, I. 2013. Assessing the capacity of seagrass meadows for carbon burial: Current limitations and future strategies. Ocean and Coastal Management 83: 32-38.

Duarte, C.M., Marbà, N., Gacia, E., Fourqurean, J.W., Beggins, J., Barrón, C. & Apostolaki, E.T. 2010. Seagrass community metabolism: Assessing the carbon sink capacity of seagrass meadows. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 24(4): GB4032.

Duarte, C.M., Middelburg, J.J. & Caraco, N. 2005. Major role of marine vegetation on the oceanic carbon cycle. Biogeosciences 2(1): 1-8.

Fairoz, M., Rozaimi, M. & Nastasia, W.F. 2018. Records of sea star (Echinodermata, Asteroidea) diversity in a disturbed tropical seagrass meadow. Arxius de Miscel·lània Zoològica 16: 243-254.

Folmer, E.O., van der Geest, M., Jansen, E., Olff, H., Anderson, T.M., Piersma, T. & van Gils, J.A. 2012. Seagrass-sediment feedback: An exploration using a non-recursive structural equation model. Ecosystems 15(8): 1380-1393.

Fry, B. 2013. Alternative approaches for solving underdetermined isotope mixing problems. Marine Ecology Progress Series 472: 1-13.

Fry, B. & Sherr, E.B. 1984. δ13C measurements as indicators of carbon flow in marine and freshwater ecosystems. Contributions in Marine Science 27: 13-27.

Fry, B., Scalan, R.S. & Parker, P.L. 1977. Stable carbon isotope evidence for two sources of organic matter in coastal sediments: Seagrasses and plankton. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 41(12): 1875-1877.

Gacia, E. & Duarte, C.M. 2001. Sediment retention by a mediterranean posidonia oceanica meadow: The balance between deposition and resuspension. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 52(4): 505-514.

Gacia, E., Duarte, C.M. & Middelburg, J.J. 2002. Carbon and nutrient deposition in a mediterranean seagrass (Posidonia oceanica) meadow. Limnology and Oceanography 47(1): 23-32.

Greiner, J.T., Wilkinson, G.M., McGlathery, K.J. & Emery, K.A. 2016. Sources of sediment carbon sequestered in restored seagrass meadows. Marine Ecology Progress Series 551: 95-105.

Harrison, P.G. 1989. Detrital processing in seagrass systems: A review of factors affecting decay rates, remineralization and detritivory. Aquatic Botany 35(3-4): 263-288.

Hidayah, N., Tahirin, S.A., Fairoz, M. & Rozaimi, M. 2019. Carbon stock and δ13C data of sediment samples collected from a tropical seagrass meadow in Malaysia. Plant Science Today 6(2): 132-136.

Hossain, M.S., Hashim, M., Bujang, J.S., Zakaria, M.H. & Muslim, A.M. 2018. Assessment of the impact of coastal reclamation activities on seagrass meadows in Sungai Pulai Estuary, Malaysia, using Landsat data (1994-2017). International Journal of Remote Sensing 1161: 1-35.

Kadoya, T., Yutaka, O. & Gaku, T. 2012. Isoweb: A bayesian isotope mixing model for diet analysis of the whole food web. PLoS ONE 7(7): e41057.

Kennedy, H., Beggins, J., Duarte, C.M., Fourqurean, J.W., Holmer, M., Marbá, N. & Middelburg, J.J. 2010. Seagrass sediments as a global carbon sink: Isotopic constraints. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 24(4): GB4026.

Krull, E., Haynes, D., Lamontagne, S., Gell, P., McKirdy, D., Hancock, G., McGowan, J. & Smernik, R. 2009. Changes in the chemistry of sedimentary organic matter within the coorong over space and time. Biogeochemistry 92(1-2): 9-25.

Lavery, P.S., Mateo, M.A., Serrano, O. & Rozaimi, M. 2013. Variability in the carbon storage of seagrass habitats and its implications for global estimates of blue carbon ecosystem service. PLoS ONE 8(9): e73748.

Lee, K.M., Lee, S.Y. & Connolly, R.M. 2012. Combining process indices from network analysis with structural population measures to indicate response of estuarine trophodynamics to pulse organic enrichment. Ecological Indicators 18: 652-658.

Mazarrasa, I., Marbà, N., Lovelock, C.E., Serrano, O., Lavery, P.S., Fourqurean, J.W., Kennedy, H., Mateo, M.A., Krause- Jensen, D., Steven, A.D.L. & Duarte, C.M. 2015. Seagrass meadows as a globally significant carbonate reservoir. Biogeosciences 12(5): 4107-4138.

Minagawa, M. 1992. Reconstruction of human diet from Σ13C and Σ15N in contemporary japanese hair: A stochastic method for estimating multi-source contribution by double isotopic tracers. Applied Geochemistry 7(2): 145-158.

Neckles, H.A., Wetzel, R.L. & Orth, R.J. 1993. Relative effects of nutrient enrichment and grazing on epiphyte-macrophyte (Zostera marina L.) dynamics. Oecologia 93(2): 285-295.

Neundorfer, J.V. & Kemp, W.M. 1993. Nitrogen versus phosphorus enrichment of brackish waters: Responses of the submersed plant Potamogeton Perfoliatus and its associated algal community. Marine Ecology Progress Series 94(1): 71-82.

Parnell, A.C., Inger, R., Bearhop, S. & Jackson, A.L. 2010. Source partitioning using stable isotopes: Coping with too much variation. PLoS ONE 5(3): e9672.

Peterson, B.J. 1999. Stable isotopes as tracers of organic matter input and transfer in benthic food webs: A review. Acta Oecologica 20(4): 479-487.

Phillips, D.L. 2012. Converting isotope values to diet composition: The use of mixing models. Journal of Mammalogy 93(2): 342-352.

Phillips, D.L. & Gregg, J.W. 2003. Source partitioning using stable isotopes: Coping with too many sources. Oecologia 136(2): 261-269.

Phillips, D.L., Newsome, S.D. & Gregg, J.W. 2005. Combining sources in stable isotope mixing models: Alternative methods. Oecologia 144(4): 520-527.

Reef, R., Feller, I.C. & Lovelock, C.E. 2014. Mammalian herbivores in Australia transport nutrients from terrestrial to marine ecosystems via mangroves. Journal of Tropical Ecology 30(3): 179-188.

Rozaimi, M., Lavery, P.S., Serrano, O. & Kyrwood, D. 2016. Long-term carbon storage and its recent loss in an estuarine Posidonia australis meadow (Albany, Western Australia). Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 171: 58-65.

Schauer, J.J., Rogge, W.F., Hildemann, L.M., Mazurek, M.A., Cass, G.R. & Simoneit, B.R. 1996. Source apportionment of airborne particulate matter using organic compounds as tracers. Atmospheric Environment 30(22): 3837-3855.

Serrano, O., Ricart, A.M., Lavery, P.S., Mateo, M.A., Arias- Ortiz, A., Masque, P., Steven, A. & Duarte, C.M. 2016. Key biogeochemical factors affecting soil carbon storage in Posidonia meadows. Biogeosciences 13(15): 4581-4594.

Shaari, H., Shazili, N.A.M., Abdullah, L.I. & Abdullah, N.A. 2017. Geochemistry and clay minerals of surface sediments of southwestern Johor, Malaysia. Malaysian Journal of Analytical Science 21(2): 312-322.

Shi, G.W., Mazlan, A.G., Md Ali, M. & Che Cob, Z. 2014. The Polychaeta (Annelida) communities of the Merambong and Tanjung Adang Shoals, Malaysia, and its relationship with the environmental variables. Malayan Nature Journal 66(1- 2): 168-183.

Short, F.T. & Frederick, T. 2003. World Atlas of Seagrasses. Volume 41. Berkeley: University of California Press.

Smit, A.J., Brearley, A., Hyndes, G.A., Lavery, P.S. & Walker, D.I. 2005. Carbon and nitrogen stable isotope analysis of an Amphibolis griffithii seagrass bed. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 65(3): 545-556.

Stock, B.C. & Semmens, B.X. 2016. MixSIAR GUI User Manual. Version 3.1: 1-42 https://github.com/brianstock/MixSIAR/. doi: 10.5281/zenodo.47719. Accessed in October 2013.

van Maren, D.S., Liew, S.C. & Hasan, G.J. 2014. The role of terrestrial sediment on turbidity near Singapore’s coral reefs. Continental Shelf Research 76: 75-88.

Watanabe, K. & Kuwae, T. 2015. How organic carbon derived from multiple sources contributes to carbon sequestration processes in a shallow coastal system? Global Change Biology 21(7): 2612-2623.

Zencich, S.J., Froend, R.H., Turner, J.V. & Gailitis, V. 2002. Influence of groundwater depth on the seasonal sources of water accessed by Banksia tree species on a shallow, sandy coastal aquifer. Oecologia 131(1): 8-19.

*Corresponding author; email: mdrozaimi@ukm.edu.my