Sains Malaysiana 48(11)(2019): 2529–2539

http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2019-4811-23

Penyingkiran Ammonia dan Permintaan Oksigen Kimia daripada Air Sisa Kumbahan menggunakan Media Penjerap Komposit Karbon Teraktif

(Ammonia and Chemical Oxygen Demand Removal from Sewage Wastewater using Composite Adsorbent-Based Activated Carbon)

MOHAN KUMAR MANIKAM¹, MAIZATUL INTAN SYAFINAZ¹, AZHAR ABDUL HALIM¹* & MARLIA MOHD HANAFIAH^1,2

¹Center for Earth Sciences and Environment, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia

²Center for Tropical Climate Change System, Institute of Climate Change, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia

Received: 18 March 2019/Accepted: 15 August 2019

ABSTRAK

Kajian ini dijalankan bagi menentukan keberkesanan media penjerap komposit karbon teraktif dalam menyingkirkan ammonia dan permintaan oksigen kimia (COD) daripada air sisa kumbahan. Kajian ini terbahagi kepada empat bahagian utama iaitu pencirian media komposit, penentuan parameter optimum, uji kaji penjerapan kelompok dan kajian penjerapan turus. Parameter optimum seperti pH, masa sentuhan dan dos bahan penjerap turut dikaji. Kajian isoterma penjerapan, kinetik penjerapan dan penjerapan turus turut dijalankan. Hasil kajian menunjukkan pH5 dan pH6 adalah paling optimum bagi penyingkiran ammonia dan COD. Peratus penyingkiran ammonia yang paling optimum bagi masa sentuhan adalah pada minit ke-15 dengan bacaan penyingkiran sebanyak 71% dan bagi peratus penyingkiran COD berlaku pada minit ke-30 iaitu dengan penyingkiran sebanyak 51%. Dos bahan penjerap optimum bagi penyingkiran ammonia adalah 25 g/L manakala bagi penyingkiran COD adalah 50 g/L. Dalam kajian isoterma, model isoterma Langmuir dan Freundlich telah diaplikasi dan hasil kajian membuktikan bahawa isoterma penjerapan ammonia dan COD adalah mematuhi model isoterma Freundlich iaitu R2= 0.9004 dan R2= 0.9818. Kajian kinetik menunjukkan kadar kinetik bagi penjerapan ammonia dan COD ini adalah mematuhi model kinetik tertib kedua dan pekali korelasi yang diperoleh adalah R2=0.9985 dan R2=0.9998. Kajian ini menunjukkan bahawa kinetik penjerapan ammonia dan COD adalah dipengaruhi oleh proses kimia. Berdasarkan hasil yang diperoleh daripada kajian penjerapan turus, keberkesanan media penjerap komposit karbon teraktif dalam menyingkirkan ammonia dan COD daripada air sisa kumbahan dapat ditentukan berdasarkan peratus penyingkiran yang diperoleh mencapai sehingga 90% bagi ammonia dan 88% bagi COD. Hasil ini menunjukkan bahawa media penjerap komposit karbon teraktif dapat diaplikasikan dalam proses rawatan air sisa kumbahan.

Kata kunci: Air sisa kumbahan; isoterma; kinetik; komposit; penjerapan

ABSTRACT

This study was conducted to determine the effectiveness of activated carbon composite adsorbent media in removing ammonia and chemical oxygen demand (COD) form sewage wastewater. This study was divided into four main parts, composite media characterization, optimum parameter determination, batch study of the adsorption and adsorption column study. Optimum parameters such as pH, contact time and adsorbent dosage were also investigated. In addition, adsorption isotherm studies, adsorption kinetics and adsorption column study were conducted as well. The results showed that optimum pH 5 for removal of ammonia while pH 6 for COD. The optimum percentage of ammonia removal for the contact time was in the 15 min with the removal of 71% and for the removal percentage of COD occurred in the 30 min with the removal of 51%. The optimum adsorbent dosage for ammonia removal is about 25 g/L while for removal of COD is 50 g/L. In the isothermal studies, Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models were applied and the results showed that ammonia and COD adsorption isotherm was in compliance with the Freundlich isotherm model with R2 = 0.9004 and R2 = 0.9818. Kinetic studies showed the kinetic rates for adsorption of ammonia and COD were obtained for second order kinetic model and the coefficient of correlation was R2 = 0.9985 and R2 = 0.9998. This study showed that the kinetic adsorption of ammonia and COD was influenced by the chemical processes. Based on the results obtained from the study of the adsorption column, the effectiveness of activated carbon composite adsorbent media in removing ammonia and COD of sewage wastewater is shown by removal percentage achieving up to 90% for ammonia and 88% for COD. This research showed that activated carbon composite adsorbent media can be applied to treat sewage wastewater.

Keywords: Adsorption; composite; isotherm; kinetic; sewage wastewater

REFERENCES

Aksu, Z. & Gonen, F. 2004. Biosorption of phenol by immobilized activated sludge in a continuous packed bed: Prediction of breakthrough curves. Process Biochemical 39(3): 599-613.

Alias, N.H.M., Halim, A.A. & Wahab, M.I.A. 2011. Boron removal from aqueous solutions using composite adsorbent based on carbon-mineral. Sains Malaysiana 40(11): 1271- 1276.

APHA. 2005. Standard Methods for Examination of Water and Wastewater. Ed. ke-21 Washington: American Public Health Association.

Arthur, J. P. 1983. Notes on the Design & Operation of Water Stabilization Pond in Warm Climates of Developing Countries. Washington: 7-9. The Bank.

Azhar, A.H. 2007. Olahan larut lesapan semi-aerobik menggunakan penjerap komposit berkos rendah. Tesis Dr. Falsafah, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (tidak diterbitkan).

Azmi, N., Bashir, M.J.K., Sethupathi, S. & Ng, C.A. 2016. Anaerobic stabilized landfill leachate treatment using chemically activated sugarcane bagasse activated carbon: Kinetic and equilibrium study. Desalination and Water Treatment 57(9): 3916-3927.

Bakar, A.F.A., Barkaw, S.N.M., Hanafiah, M.M., Ern, L.K. & Halim, A.A. 2016. Penyingkiran ammonia dan logam berat daripada air sisa industri automotif menggunakan pasir terubah suai secara kimia. Sains Malaysiana 45(10): 1509-1516.

Chairat, M., Rattanaphani, S., Bremner, J. B. & Rattanaphani, V. 2008. Adsorption kinetic study of lac dyeing on cotton. Dyes and Pigments 76: 435-439.

Chapman, D. 1992. Water Quality Assessment: A Guide to the Use of Biota, Sediments and Water in Environmental Monitoring. London: Chapman and Hall. hlm. 246-249.

Chavan, B.L. & Dhulap, V.P. 2012. Treatment of sewage through phytotechnical studies with constructed wetland using eichhornia crassipes. Journal of Environmental Research and Development 7(2): 660-666.

Chowdhury, Z.Z., Hamid, S.B.A. & Zain, S.M. 2015. Evaluating design parameters for breakthrough curve analysis and kinetics of fixed bed columns for adsorption studies of cu (ii) cations using lignocellulosic wastes. BioResources 10(1): 732-749.

Clasen, J. 1997. Efficiency control of particles removal by rapid sand filters in treatment plants fed with reservoir water: A survey of different methods. IAWQ-IWSA Joint Specialist Conferences on Reservoir Management and Water Supply-an Integrated System, 19th-23rd May 1997, Prague, Czech Republic 1: 213-220.

Codd, G.A. & Bell, S.G. 1985. Eutrophication and toxic cyanobacteria in freshwater. Journal of Water Pollution Control 84(2): 225-232.

Costanza, R., D’ Arge, R., D’ Groots, R., Farber, S., Grasso, M., Hannon, B., Limburg, K., Naeem, S., O’Neill, R.V., Paruelo, J., Raskin, R.G., Sutton, P. &Van Den Belt, M. 1997. The value of world’s ecosystem services and natural capital. Nature 3: 253-260.

Demir, A., Gunay, A. & Debik, E. 2002. Ammonium removal from aqueous solution by ion-exchange using packed bed natural zeolite. Water SA 28(3): 329-336.

Department of Environment Malaysia (DOE). 2005. Department of Environment. Malaysia Environmental Quality Report 2005. Department of Environment, Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment, Petaling Jaya, Malaysia. 2007.

Dudgeon, D. 2008. Tropical Streams Ecology. New York: Academic Press. p. 343.

EPA. 1976. Quality Criteria for Water. Washington, DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.

Fatimah Mohd Yusof. 1996. Environmental management of Lake Kenyir, Malaysia: Prevention of eutrophication. Jurnal Engineering Science 9: 43-48.

Gerhardt, A. 2000. Biomonitoring of Polluted Water. Switzerland: Trans Tech Publications Ltd.

Green, L.A. & Hayes, C.R. 1981. The impact of eutrophication on water treatment and supplies in the Anglian water authority. Journal Water Research 35(5): 421-436.

Gurses, A., Dogar, C., Yalcin, M., Acikyildiz, M., Bayrak, R. & Karaca, S. 2006. The adsorption kinetic of cationic dye, methylene blue onto clay. Journal of Hazardous Materials 131: 217-228.

Halim, A.A., Roslan, N.A., Yaacub, N.S. & Latif, M.T. 2013. Boron removal from aqueous solution using curcumin-impregnated activated carbon. Sains Malaysiana 42(9): 1293-1300.

Halim, A.A., Bakar, A.F.A., Hanafiah, M.A.K.M. & Zakaria, H. 2012a. Boron removal from aqueous solutions using curcumin-aided electrocoagulation. Middle-East Journal of Scientific Research 11(5): 583-588.

Halim, A.A., Thaldiri, N.H., Awang, A. & Latif, M.T. 2012b. Removing boron from an aqueous solution using turmeric extract-aided coagulation-flocculation. American Journal of Environmental Sciences 8(3): 322-327.

Halim, A.A., Abidin, N.N.Z., Awang, N., Ithnin, A., Othman, M.S. & Wahab, M.I. 2011. Ammonia and COD removal from synthetic leachate using rice husk composite adsorbent. Journal of Urban and Environmental Engineering 5(1): 24-31.

Halim, A.A., Aziz, H.A., Johari, M.A.M. & Ariffin, K.S. 2010. Comparison study of ammonia and COD adsorption on zeolite, activated carbon and composite materials in landfill leachate treatment. Desalination 262 (1-3): 31-35.

Haniffa, H. & Aminuddin, M.B. 2005. Sewage treatment trends in Malaysia. The Ingenieur 3: 46-53.

Ho, S.C. 1996. Vision 2020: Towards an environmentally sound and sustainable development of freshwater resources in Malaysia. GeoJournal 40(1-2): 73-84.

Hou, H.J., Wang, H.Y. & Zhou, Q. 2006. Treatment of municipal wastewater with low carbon and high nitrogen & phosphorus content. Technology of Water Treatment 32(11): 33-36.

Kaur, K., Mor, S. & Ravindra, K. 2016. Removal of chemical oxygen demand from landfill leachate using cow-dung ash as a low-cost adsorbent. Journal of Colloid and Interface Sciene 469(1): 338-343.

Kamaruddin, M.A., Yusoff, M.S., Aziz, H.A. & Ismail, M.N. 2013. Preparation and characterization of composite embedded clinoptilolite for the removal of color and lead from textile waste water. International Journal of Scientific Research in Inventions and New Ideas 1(2): 37.

Kavak, D. & Öztürk, N. 2005. Adsorption of boron from aqueous solutions using fly ash: Batch and column studies. Journal of Hazardous Material 127: 81-88.

Lakhera, S.K., Harsha, S. & Suman, A.S. 2015. Synthesis and characterization of 13X zeolite/activated carbon composite. Int. J. ChemTech Res. 7: 1364-1368.

Meghea, A., Rehner, H., Peleanu, I. & Mihalache, R. 1998. Test-fitting on adsorption isotherms of organic pollutants from waste waters on activated carbon. Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry 229(1-2): 105-110.

Mohamad, M.I.S. 2015. Penyingkiran ammonia dan COD daripada air sisa kumbahan menggunakan media penjerap komposit karbon teraktif. Tesis Fakulti Sains dan Teknologi, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (tidak diterbitkan).

Mojiri, A., Aziz, H.A., Zaman, N.Q., Aziz, S.Q. & Zahed, M.A. 2016. Metals removal from municipal landfill leachate and wastewater using adsorbents combined with biological method. Desalination and Water Treatment 57(6): 2819-2833.

Nacera, Y. & Aicha, B. 2005. Kinetic models for the sorption of dye from aqueous solution by clay-wood sawdust mixture. Desalination 185: 499-508.

Nazri, N.H.M. 2018. Treatment of natural rubber wastewater using oil palm empty fruit bunch, kaolin and zeolite as composite. Thesis Dr. Falsafah, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia (tidak diterbitkan).

Noor Nazurah, Z.A. 2010. Kajian pencirian bahan penjerap komposit baru berasaskan karbon dan mineral (azharit) terhadap penyingkiran ammonia dan cod daripada larut lesapan sintetik. Tesis Fakulti Sains dan Teknologi, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (tidak diterbitkan).

Oladele, O., Adegbenro, P.D. & Adewole, M.G. 2011. The impact of industries on surface water quality of River Ona and River Alaro in oluyole industrial estate Ibadan, Nigeria. African Journal of Biotechnology 10(4): 696-702.

Peraturan-Peraturan Kualiti Alam Sekeliling (Kumbahan). 2009. Akta Kualiti Alam Sekeliling 1974. Tambahan No. 140 Perundangan (A) 53: 25.

Salam, O.E.A., Reiad, N.A. & ElShafei, M.M. 2011. A study of the removal characteristics of heavy metals from wastewater by low-cost adsorbents. Journal of Advanced Research 2: 297-303.

Smith, B.M., Todd, P. & Bowman, C.N. 1995. Boron removal by polymer-assisted ultrafiltration. Separation Science and Technology 30(20): 3849-3859.

Subramaniam, D., Halim, A.A. & Hanafiah, M.M. 2016. Performance of electrochemical oxidation in treating textile industry wastewater by graphite electrode. Nature Environment and Pollution Technology 15(3): 1021-1026.

USEPA. 1992. Standard Method for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. 18th ed. Washington D.C. United State Environmental Health Science & Engineering 2: 43-49.

Widiastuti, N., Wu, H., Ang, H.M. & Zhang, D. 2011. Removal of ammonium from greywater using natural zeolite. Desalination 277(1-3): 15-23.

Yilmaz, Kabay, N., Brjyak, M., Yuksel, M., Wolska, J. & Koltuniewicz, A. 2006. A submerged membrane-ion-exchange hybrid process for boron removal. Desalination 198: 310-315.

*Corresponding author; email: azharhalim@ukm.edu.my