Sains Malaysiana 49(7)(2020): 1651-1662

http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2020-4907-16

Foot Over Pronation Problem among Undergraduate Students: A Preliminary Study

(Masalah Lebihan Pergerakan Pronat Kaki dalam kalangan Pelajar Prasiswazah: Suatu Kajian Awal)

NUR SAIBAH GHANI¹, NASRUL ANUAR ABD RAZAK¹*, JULIANA USMAN¹ & H. GHOLIZADEH²

¹Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Federal Territory, Malaysia

²The Okinawa Rehabilitation Institute, Canada

Received: 9 April 2019/Accepted: 22 March 2020

ABSTRACT

Over pronation is a dysfunctional movement where the foot has turned in excessively from its neutral line and can lead to misalignment of the foot and leg in humans. The purposes of this study are to investigate the ankle biomechanics behavior in individuals among the undergraduate students with over pronation foot and provide guidelines to help correct the foot deformities. 10 subjects with over pronated foot where volunteer but only 7 pass the selection test and divided into two group normal subjects (n=2) and over pronated subjects (n=5). Vicon motion analysis was used to observe and analyze the gait cycle and the ankle range of motion in individuals with over pronation. The study found that the ankle joint during the initial contact was below 5° for all subjects. Subject 2 shows the lowest ankle angle during initial contact while for mid stance phase, subject 3 shows the highest ankle angle which was 24.15° on left foot and 28.30° on right foot. From the ANOVA test, the p value for ankle joint angle was less than 0.05, which indicates that there was significant difference between all the subjects. The ankle angle depended on the muscle movement as the muscles and ligaments tried to stabilize and move the foot by controlling the angle to make sure the foot is in correct position and can move forward. As conclusion, there are significant differences for ankle behavior between normal and over pronated subjects, thus proper guideline for exercise or treatment can help to overcome this problem.

Keywords: Ankle joint; deformity; motion analysis; over pronation; range of motion

ABSTRAK

Lebihan pergerakan pronat adalah salah satu masalah kaki bergerak melebihi had yang ditetapkan daripada garisan neutralnya dan boleh menyebabkan ketidaksejajaran pada kaki manusia. Tujuan kajian ini adalah untuk mengkaji tingkah laku biomekanisme buku lali dalam kalangan pelajar-pelajar prasiswazah yang menghadapi masalah buku lali yang terlebih pronat dan memberi panduan untuk membetulkan kecacatan kaki. 10 individu yang menghadapi lebihan pergerakan pronat kaki telah sukarela ingin menyertai kajian ini, tetapi hanya 7 individu sahaja yang lulus dalam ujian pemilihan dan dibahagikan kepada dua kumpulan iaitu individu yang normal (n=2) dan individu yang mempunyai buku lali yang lebih pronat (n=5). Analisis pergerakan Vicon dijalankan untuk memerhati dan menganalisis kitaran gaya berjalan dan pergerakan pada sudut buku lali. Hasil kajian menunjukkan sudut buku lali semasa sentuhan awal adalah di bawah 5° untuk semua individu. Individu ke-2 menunjukkan sudut buku lali yang paling rendah semasa sentuhan awal untuk fasa pendirian pertengahan, individu ke-3 menunjukkan sudut buku lali yang paling tinggi iaitu 24.15° pada kaki kiri dan 28.30° pada kaki kanan. Melalui ujian statistik ANOVA, nilai p untuk sudut buku lali adalah kurang daripada 0.05 dan ini menunjukkan terdapat perbezaan yang ketara antara subjek kajian. Sudut buku lali bergantung kepada pergerakan otot kerana otot and ligamen cuba menstabilkan dan menggerakkan kaki dengan mengawal sudut bagi memastikan kaki berada dalam keadaan stabil dan boleh bergerak ke hadapan. Kesimpulannya, terdapat perbezaan yang ketara terhadap tingkah laku buku lali antara individu normal dan individu yang lebih pronat, dengan itu garis panduan yang betul untuk senaman atau rawatan boleh membantu untuk mengatasi masalah ini.

Kata kunci: Kajian pergerakan; nilai pergerakan sudut; penyakit; sudut buku lali; terlebih pronat

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*Corresponding author; email: nasrul.anuar@um.edu.my