Sains Malaysiana 49(7)(2020): 1663-1668

http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2020-4907-17

Articulatory Distortions when using Different Types of Mouthguard

(Pengherot-berotan Artikulasi apabila Menggunakan Jenis Pelindung Mulut yang Berbeza)

AMY KIA CHEEN LIEW¹, DALIA ABDULLAH²*, KARYN ZUHUAN TER¹, SHIRLEY PUAH¹, HUI YEE CHAN¹, EASON SOO² & BADRULZAMAN ABDUL HAMID³

¹Centre of Family Oral Health, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, 50300 Kuala Lumpur, Federal Territory, Malaysia

²Centre of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, 50300 Kuala Lumpur, Federal Territory, Malaysia

³Rehabilitation and Special Needs Center, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, 50300 Kuala Lumpur, Federal Territory, Malaysia

Received: 28 June 2019/Accepted: 23 March 2020

ABSTRACT

A non-randomised controlled trial was conducted to compare the articulatory distortions of plosive sounds when using different types of mouthguards. Female national rugby players aged 18 and above were recruited, all of whom were native speakers of Malay without speech or hearing impairment. Boil-and-bite and custom-fitted mouthguards were provided for each participant. The articulation of phonemes with plosive sounds (/p/, /b/, /d/ and /t/) was recorded in a quiet room for the following conditions in a predetermined sequence: not using a mouthguard, using a boil-and-bite mouthguard, and using a custom-fitted mouthguard. A washout interval of one hour was implemented among the conditions. The recorded speech waveforms were digitised and transcribed into the Praat software version 6.0.39 for spectrographic analysis. The mean voice onset time (VOT) for all phonemes was measured in milliseconds. Friedman test was used as the omnibus test with a level of significance set at α = 0.05, while Bonferroni-corrected Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used for pairwise comparisons. A total of 25 participants completed the follow-up. A statistically significant difference was found in the articulation of all plosive sounds among control, boil-and-bite mouthguard and custom-fitted mouthguard (P < .001). All pairwise comparisons were statistically significant (P < .001). Although the articulation of plosive sounds was distorted when boil-and-bite and custom-fitted mouthguards were used, distortions were more notable in the boil-and-bite mouthguard.

Keywords: Dental trauma; mouthguard; rugby; speech

ABSTRAK

Kajian terkawal bukan rawak dijalankan untuk membandingkan gangguan artikulasi bunyi plosif apabila menggunakan pelbagai jenis pelindung mulut. Pemain ragbi kebangsaan wanita yang berusia 18 tahun ke atas dipilih sebagai peserta kajian dan kesemuanya merupakan penutur asli Bahasa Melayu dan tidak mempunyai sebarang gangguan ucapan atau pendengaran. Pelindung mulut ‘boil-and-bite' dan pelindung mulut yang dipadan khusus disediakan untuk setiap peserta. Artikulasi fonem dengan bunyi plosif (/p/, /b/, /d/, dan /t/) direkodkan di dalam bilik yang senyap dalam urutan yang telah ditetapkan seperti keadaan berikut: tidak menggunakan pelindung mulut, menggunakan pelindung mulut ‘boil-and-bite' dan menggunakan pelindung mulut yang dipadan khusus. Selang waktu antara keadaan ialah selama satu jam. Bentuk gelombang ucapan yang dirakam telah didigitalkan dan disalin ke dalam perisian versi Praat 6.0.39 untuk analisis spektrografik. Minimum masa permulaan suara bagi semua fonem diukur dalam milisaat. Ujian Friedman digunakan sebagai ujian keseluruhan dengan tahap signifikan yang ditetapkan adalah pada α = 0.05, manakala ujian pangkat-tanda Wilcoxon pelarasan-Bonferroni digunakan untuk perbandingan pasangan. Seramai 25 peserta telah menjalani susulan lengkap. Terdapat perbezaan yang ketara dalam artikulasi semua bunyi plosif antara kawalan, pelindung mulut ‘boil-and-bite' dan pelindung mulut yang dipadan khusus (P < .001). Semua perbandingan sepadan adalah ketara secara statistik (P < .001). Walaupun artikulasi bunyi plosif terjejas dengan penggunaan kedua-dua pelindung mulut ‘boil-and-bite' dan pelindung mulut yang dipadan khusus, perubahan adalah lebih ketara dengan pelindung mulut ‘boil-and-bite'. 

Kata kunci: Pelindung mulut; pertuturan; ragbi; trauma gigi

REFERENCES

ASTM International. 2016. ASTM F697-16 Standard Practice for Care and Use of Athletic Mouth Protectors. West Conshohocken: ASTM International.

Atik, E., Esen Aydınlı, F., Kulak Kayıkçı, M.E. & Ciğer, S. 2017. Comparing the effects of Essix and Hawley retainers on the acoustics of speech. European Journal of Orthodontics 39(4): 440-445.

Berger, T.D., Kenny, D.J., Casas, M.J., Barrett, E.J. & Lawrence, H.P. 2009. Effects of severe dentoalveolar trauma on the quality‐of‐life of children and parents. Dental Traumatology 25(5): 462-469.

Boersma, P. & Weenink, D. 2018. Praat: Doing Phonetics by Computer (Version 6.0.39). http://www.praat.org/. Accessed on 31 May 2018.

Brionnet, J.M., Roger‐Leroi, V., Tubert‐Jeannin, S. & Garson, A. 2001. Rugby players’ satisfaction with custom‐fitted mouthguards made with different materials. Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology 29(3): 234-238.

Chen, J., Jia, W. & Lun, Y. 2018. Speech and orthodontic appliances: A systematic literature review. European Journal of Orthodontics 40(1): 29-36.

Çetinbaş, T. & Sönmez, H. 2006. Mouthguard utilization rates during sport activities in Ankara, Turkey. Dental Traumatology 22(3): 127-132.

Craig, R.G. & Godwin, W.C. 2002. Properties of athletic mouth protectors and materials. Journal of Oral Rehabilitation 29(2): 146-150.

Duarte-Pereira, D.M.V., Del Rey-Santamaria, M., Javierre-Garcés, C., Barbany-Cairó, J., Paredes-Garcia, J., Valmaseda-Castellón, E., Berini-Aytés, L. & Gay-Escoda, C. 2008. Wearability and physiological effects of custom-fitted vs self-adapted mouthguards. Dental Traumatology 24(4): 439-442.

Feliciano, K.M.P.C. & Caldas, A.D.F. 2006. A systematic review of the diagnostic classifications of traumatic dental injuries. Dental Traumatology 22(2): 71-76.

Fernandes, L.M., Neto, J.C.L., Lima, T.F., Magno, M.B., Santiago, B.M., Cavalcanti, Y.W. & de Almeida, L.D.F.D. 2019. The use of mouthguards and prevalence of dento‐alveolar trauma among athletes: A systematic review and meta‐analysis. Dental Traumatology 35(1): 54-72.

Gawlak, D., Mierzwińska‐Nastalska, E., Mańka‐Malara, K. & Kamiński, T. 2016. Comparative evaluation of custom and standard boil and bite (self‐adapted) mouthguards and their effect on the functioning of the oral cavity. Dental Traumatology 32(5): 416-420.

Glendor, U. 2008. Epidemiology of traumatic dental injuries - a 12 year review of the literature. Dental Traumatology 24(6): 603-611.

Glendor, U., Jonsson, D., Halling, A. & Lindqvist, K. 2001. Direct and indirect costs of dental trauma in Sweden: A 2‐year prospective study of children and adolescents. Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology 29(2): 150-160.

Haydar, B., Karabulut, G., Özkan, S., Aksoy, A.Ü. & Ciğer, S. 1996. Effects of retainers on the articulation of speech. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 110(5): 535-540.

Hoffmann, J., Alfter, G., Rudolph, N.K. & Göz, G. 1999. Experimental comparative study of various mouthguards. Endodontics & Dental Traumatology 15(4): 157-163.

Hohoff, A., Stamm, T., Goder, G., Sauerland, C., Ehmer, U. & Seifert, E. 2003 Comparison of 3 bonded lingual appliances by auditive analysis and subjective assessment. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 124(6): 737-745.

Kumamoto, D.P. & Maeda, Y. 2004. A literature review of sports-related orofacial trauma. General Dentistry 52(3): 270-280.

Laurina, L. & Soboleva, U. 2006. Construction faults associated with complete denture wearers complains. Stomatologija, Baltic Dental and Maxillofacial Journal 8(2): 61-64.

Liew, A.K.C., Abdullah, D., Wan Noorina, W.A. & Khoo, S. 2014. Factors associated with mouthguard use and discontinuation among rugby players in Malaysia. Dental Traumatology 30: 461-467.

Morrow, R.M., Kuebker, W.A., Golden, L., Walters, F.E. & Day, E.A. 1984. Quarterback mouth guards: Speech intelligibility and player preference. The Physician and Sportsmedicine 12(4): 71-74.

Muller-Bolla, M., Lupi-Pegurier, L., Pedeutour, P. & Bolla, M. 2003. Orofacial trauma and rugby in France: Epidemiological survey. Dental Traumatology 19(4): 183-192.

Nozaki, K., Maeda, Y. & Tamagawa, H. 2013. The effect of wearing custom-made mouthguards on the aeroacoustic properties of Japanese sibilant /s/. Dental Traumatology 29(2): 139-144.

Padilla, R., Dorney, B. & Balikov, S. 1996. Prevention of oral injuries. Journal of the California Dental Association 24(3): 30-36.

Patrick, D.G., van Noort, R. & Found, M.S. 2005. Scale of protection and the various types of sports mouthguard. British Journal of Sports Medicine 39(5): 278-281.

Petti, S., Glendor, U. & Andersson, L. 2018. World traumatic dental injury prevalence and incidence, a meta-analysis - one billion living people have had traumatic dental injuries. Dental Traumatology 34(2): 71-86.

Sane, J. & Ylipaavalniemi, P. 1998. Dental trauma in contact team sports. Endodontics & Dental Traumatology 4(4): 164-169.

Shriberg, L.D., Kent, R.D. & Munson, B. 1995. Clinical Phonetics. Boston: Allyn & Bacon.

Yeşil, D.Z. & Gungor, H. 2009. Use of mouthguard rates among university athletes during sport activities in Erzurum, Turkey. Dental Traumatology 25(3): 318-322.

*Corresponding author; email: daliaabdullah@ukm.edu.my