Malaysian Journal of Analytical Sciences Vol 19 No 1 (2015): 46 – 54
ANALYTICAL APPROACHES OF DETERMINING MONOSACCHARIDES
FROM ALKALINE-TREATED PALM FIBER
(Kaedah Analatikal bagi Penentuan Monosakarida
daripada Serabut Sawit Terawat Alkali)
Khairiah
Haji Badri1,2*, Cheah Ai Juan1, Osman Hassan1,2,
Wan Aida Wan Mustapha1
1School of Chemical Sciences and Food Technology
2Polymer Research Center
Faculty of
Science and Technology,
Universiti
Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
*Corresponding author: kaybadri@ukm.edu.my
Abstract
Monosaccharides
in oil palm empty fruit bunch fiber (EFB) were determined by methanolysis and
acetylation. Three types of EFB samples, namely untreated EFB, EFB pretreated
with hot water and EFB pretreated with hot water followed by 10% (w/w) sodium
hydroxide (NaOH) aqueous solution were used. The FTIR spectrum indicated the
disappearance and shifting of aromatic and carbonyl functional groups, syringyl
propane unit, guaisacyl propane unit and C-H lignin. The filter cake undergone
methanolysis and alditol acetate treatments to detect the composition of
reducing sugars. Gas chromatography flame ionization detector (GC-FID) analysis
was conducted to determine the type and quantity of reducing sugars produced.
Acetylation produced two types of monosaccharides namely glucose and galactose
whereas methanolysis detected only one type of monosaccharide, which was
xylose. The extracted monosaccharides obtained from hot water pretreatment
followed by 10 % (w/w) NaOH aqueous solution treatment analysed by methanolysis
and acetylation were 178.4 mg/g xylose and 29.9 mg/g glucose respectively.
About 0.76 mg/g xylose was extracted from hot water pretreated EFB fiber by
methanolysis. Acetylation detected monosaccharides in untreated EFB and
identified as glucose with the amount of 19.15 mg/g, whereas monosaccharides
from hot water pretreated EFB fiber were identified as glucose and galactose at
6.32 mg/g and 2.83 mg/g respectively.
Keywords: acetylation,
alditol acetate, empty fruit bunch fiber, methanolysis, monosaccharides
Abstrak
Monosakarida
di dalam serabut tandan kosong sawit (EFB) ditentukan melalui metanolisis dan
pengasetilan. Tiga jenis EFB digunakan iaitu EFB tanpa rawatan, EFB prarawat
air panas dan EFB prarawat air panas diikuti 10% (w/w) larutan akueus natrium
hidroksida (NaOH). Spektrum FTIR menunjukkan kehilangan dan anjakan kumpulan
berfungsi aromatik dan karbonil, Spektrum FTIR menunjukkan kehilangan dan
anjakan nombor gelombang bagi puncak gelang aromatik, karbonil, unit siringil
propana dan unit guaisasil propana dan C-H lignin. Kek turasan menjalani
metanolisis dan pengasetilan untuk memperoleh gula terturun. Kromatografi gas
pengesan nyalaan ion (GC-FID) digunakan untuk menentukan jenis dan kuantiti
gula terturun yang dihasilkan. Analisis pengasetilan mengenalpasti dua jenis
monosakarida iaitu glukosa dan galaktosa, manakala metanolisis hanya xilosa.
Monosakarida terekstrak daripada serabut EFB terawat air panas diikuti larutan
akues NaOH 10 % (w/w) yang diperoleh daripada analisis metanolisis dan
pengasetilan masing-masing adalah 178.4 mg/g xilosa dan 29.9 mg/g glukosa.
Sebanyak 0.76 mg/g xilosa ditentukan daripada EFB prarawat air panas
melalui metanolisis. Pengasetilan menunjukkan monosakarida yang ditentukan di
dalam EFB tanpa rawatan ialah glukosa dengan amaun 19.15 mg/g manakala EFB
prarawat air panas mengandungi glukosa dan galaktosa masing-masing 6.32 mg/g
dan 2.83 mg/g.
Kata kunci: pengasetilan.
alditol asetat, tandan kosong sawit, metanolisis, monosakarida
References
1.
Abdullah, N. and Sulaiman, F. Chapter 3: The oil palm wastes
in Malaysia. Matovic, M.D. 2013. Eds. Biomass Now -Sustainable Growth and Use,
ISBN 978-953-51-1105-4978-953-51-0726-2, New York: InTech Publication
2.
Hon, D. N. and Shiraishi, N. (1991). Wood and Cellulosic Chemistry.
New York, United State of America: Marcel Dekker, INC.
3.
Wyman, C. E., Decker, S. R., Himmel, M. E., Brady, J. W.,
Skopec, C. E. and Viikari, L. (2005).
Hydrolysis of Cellulose and Hemicellulose. Polysaccharides:
Structural Diversity and Functional Versatility, 43(1):1023-1062.
4.
Pessoa Jr, A., Mancilha, I. and Sato, S. (1997). Acid
Hydrolysis of Hemicellulose from Sugarcane Bagasse. Brazilian
Journal of Chemical Engineering, 14(3): 291-297.
5.
Sjöström, E. and Alen, R. (1999). Analytical Methods in Wood Chemistry, Pulping and Papermaking.
Germany: Springer.
6.
Steve, C. (2005). Structural
Analysis of Polysaccharides. United States of America: CRC Press Taylor
& Francis Group.
7.
Belitz, H. D., Grosch, W. and Schieberle, P. (2004). Food Chemistry. 3.
German: Springer Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.
8.
Bertaud, F., Sundberg, A. and Holmbom, B. (2002). Evaluation
of Acid Methanolysis for Analysis of Wood Hemicelluloses and Pectins. Carbohydrate
Polymers, 48(3): 319-324.
9.
Kamerling, J. P. & Gerwig, G. J. (2007).
2.01 - Strategies for the Structural Analysis of Carbohydrates. Dlm.
Editor-in-Chief: johannis, P. K. (pnyt.). Comprehensive
Glycoscience, pp 1-68. Oxford:
Elsevier.
10.
Anthony B. Blakaney, Philip J. Harris and Stone, R. J. H. a.
B. A. (1982). A Simple and Rapid Preparation of Alditol Acetates for
Monosaccharide Analysis. Carbohydrate Research, 113(3):291-299.
11. Hasegawa, I., Kazuhide Okuma, Osamu Mae, Kazuhiro. (2004). New
Pretreatment Methods Combining a Hot Water Treatment and Water/Acetone
Extraction for Thermo-Chemical Conversion of Biomass. Energy & Fuels, 18(3):
755-760.
12. Sun, Y. C., and Jiayang. (2002). Hydrolysis of Lignocellulosic Materials
for Ethanol Production: A Review. Bioresource
Technology, 83(1): 1-11.
13.
Chambers R.E and J.R., C. (1971). An Assessment of
Methanolysis and Other Factors Used in the Analysis of Carbohydrate-Containing
Materials. Biochemical Journal, 125(4): 1009-1018.
14.
Davison, P. and Young, R. (1964). Gas Chromatography of
Carbohydrates the Quantitative Determination of the Free Sugars of Plants as
Their Trimethylsilyl Ethers. Journal of Chromatography A, 41(4):
12-21.
15.
Sun, X. F., Xu, F., Sun, R. C., Fowler, P. and Baird, M. S.
(2005). Characteristics of Degraded Cellulose Obtained from Steam-Exploded
Wheat Straw. Carbohydrate Research, 340(1): 97-106.
16. Mingjia, Z., Wei, Q., Rui, L., Rongxin, S., Shaomin, W. and Zhimin, H.
(2010). Fractionating Lignocellulose by
Formic Acid: Characterization of Major Components. Biomass
and Bioenergy, 34(4): 525-532.
17.
Evtuguin, D. V., Neto, C. P., Silva, A. M., Domingues, P. M.,
Amado, F. M., Robert, D. and Faix, O. (2001). Comprehensive Study on the
Chemical Structure of Dioxane Lignin from Plantation Eucalyptus Globulus Wood. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry,
49(9): 4252-4261.
18.
Jahan, M. S. and Mun, S. P. (2007). Characteristics of
Dioxane Lignins Isolated at Different Ages of Nalita Wood (Trema
Orientalis). Journal of Wood Chemistry and Technology, 27(2): 83-98.
19. Alemdar, A. and Sain, M. (2008). Isolation and Characterization of
Nanofibers from Agricultural Residues–Wheat Straw and Soy Hulls. Bioresource technology, 99(6):
1664-1671.
20.
Rahman, S., Choudhury, J. and Ahmad, A. (2006). Production of
Xylose from Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch Fiber Using Sulfuric Acid. Biochemical
Engineering Journal, 30(1): 97-103
21.
Dungait, J. a. J., Docherty, G., Straker, V. and Evershed, R.
P. (2008). Interspecific Variation in
Bulk Tissue, Fatty Acid and Monosaccharide Δ13c Values of Leaves from a
Mesotrophic Grassland Plant Community. Phytochemistry, 69(10): 2041-2051.
22.
Fatin Afifah binti Ahmad Kuthi. (2012). Penentuan Gula
Terturun Daripada Tandan Kosong Kelapa Sawit Melalui Prarawatan Air Panas Oleh
Hidrolisis Berasid. Tesis Ijazah
Sarjanamuda Sains Dengan Kepujian,
Fakulti Sains Dan Teknologi,
Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia.
23.
Hamzah, F., Idris, A. and Shuan, T. K. (2011). Preliminary
Study on Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Treated Oil Palm (Elaeis) Empty Fruit Bunches
Fibre (Efb) by Using Combination of Cellulase and Β 1-4 Glucosidase. Biomass and Bioenergy, 35(3): 1055-1059.