Malaysian Journal of Analytical Sciences Vol 23 No 4 (2019): 703 – 714

DOI: 10.17576/mjas-2019-2304-17

 

 

 

EFFECT OF PLASTICIZERS AND LITHIUM PERCHLORATE ON POLY(L-LACTIC ACID)-POLY(PROPYLENE GLYCOL) SOLID POLYMER ELECTROLYTE

 

(Kesan Pemplastik dan Litium Perklorat terhadap Elektrolit Polimer Pepejal Poli(L-Asid Laktik)-Poli(Propilena Glikol))

 

Siti Munirah Manap¹, Azizan Ahmad¹, Mohd Sani Sarjadi², Farah Hannan Anuar¹*

 

¹Faculty of Science and Technology,

Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia

²Faculty of Science and Natural Resources,

Universiti Malaysia Sabah, 88400 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia

 

*Corresponding author:  farahhannan@ukm.edu.my

 

 

Received: 31 March 2018; Accepted: 17 April 2019

 

 

Abstract

Solid polymer electrolyte (SPE) films were developed from poly(L-lactic acid)-poly(propylene glycol) (PLLA-PPG) with ethylene carbonate (EC) or propylene carbonate (PC) as plasticizer and lithium perchlorate (LiClO₄) salt using solution casting method. The conductivity behaviours of the samples prepared were studied by electron impedance spectroscopy (EIS). From the EIS analysis, PLLA-PPG with 30 wt.% of EC and 25 wt.% of LiClO₄ shows the highest conductivity value of 4.57 × 10^-5 S cm^-1 at room temperature. The attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) confirm that there is chemical interaction between polymer host and lithium cation from lithium perchlorate. The shift of wavenumber for carbonyl (C=O) and ether (C-O-C) can be seen in ATR-FTIR spectrum. The crystallinity of PLLA was studied using X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. The absence of diffraction peaks corresponding to LiClO₄ in SPE, which indicates that LiClO₄ solvates well in the PLLA-PPG film. Thermal study by TGA indicated that PLLA-PPG SPE was thermally stable up to 270 ºC.

 

Keywords:  poly(l-lactic acid), poly(propylene glycol), solid polymer electrolyte, plasticizer

 

Abstrak

Filem elektrolit polimer pepejal (EPP) dihasilkan daripada poli(L-asid laktid)-poli(propilena glikol) (PLLA-PPG) dengan etilena karbonat (EC) atau propilena karbonat (PC) sebagai pemplastik dan garam litium perkhlorat (LiClO₄)  menggunakan kaedah pengacuanan larutan. Kekonduksian ionik bagi sampel yang disediakan dikaji menggunakan spektroskopi elektron impedan (EIS). Berdasarkan analisis EIS, PLLA-PPG dengan 30 bt.% EC dan 25 bt.% LiClO₄ menunjukkan nilai kekonduksian ionik tertinggi iaitu 4.587 × 10^-5 S cm^-1 pada suhu bilik. Spektroskopi inframerah transformasi Fourier (ATR-FTIR) memberi kepastian bahawa terdapat interaksi kimia di antara hos polimer dan kation litium daripada litium perklorat. Perubahan nombor gelombang pada kumpulan berfungsi karbonil (C=O) dan eter (C-O-C) dapat dilihat pada spektrum ATR-FTIR. Kehabluran PLLA dikaji menggunakan analisis pembelauan sinar-X (XRD). Kehilangan puncak LiClO₄ dalam EPP menunjukkan bahawa percampuran di antara garam LiClO₄ dan filem PLLA-PPG berlaku dengan baik. Analisis terma menunjukkan bahawa EPP PLLA-PPG adalah stabil secara terma sehingga suhu 270 ºC.

 

Kata kunci:  poli(l-asid laktik), poli(propilena glikol), elektrolit polimer pepejal, pemplastik

 

References

1.       Rodrigues, L. C., Silva, M. M. and Smith, M. J. (2012). Synthesis and characterization of amarphous poly(ethylene oxide)/poly(trimethylene carbonate) polymer blend electrolytes. Electrochimica Acta, 86: 339-345.

2.       Noor, S. A. M., Ahmad, A., Rahman, M. Y. A and Talib, I. A. (2010b). Solid polymeric electrolyte of poly(ethylene)oxide-50% epoxidized natural rubber-lithium triflate (PEO-ENR50-LiCF₃SO₃). Natural Science, 3: 190-196.

3.       Murata, K., Izuchi, S. and Yoshihisa, Y. (2000). An overview of the research and development of solid polymer electrolyte batteries. Electrochimica Acta, 45:1501-1508.

4.       Cha, D. K. and Park, S. M. (1998). Electrochemical characterization of polyethylene glycols as solid polymer electrolytes. Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, 459: 135-144.

5.       Ng, B. C., Wong, H. Y., Chew, K. W. and Osman, Z. (2011). Development and characterization of poly- -caprolactone-based polymer electrolyte for lithium rechargeable battery. International Journal of Electrochemical Science, 6: 4355-4364.

6.       Tan, C. H., Ahmad, A. and Anuar F. H. (2014). Synthesis and characterization of polylactide-poly(ethylene glycol) block copolymer as solid polymer electrolyte. Asian Journal of Chemistry, 26: 230-236.

7.       Piorkowska, E., Kulinski, Z., Galeski, A. and Masirek, R. (2006). Plasticization of semicrystalline poly(l-lactide) with poly(propylene glycol). Polymer, 47: 7178-7188.

8.       Gupta, B., Revagade, N. and Hilborn, J. (2007). Poly(lactic acid) fiber: An overview. Progress in Polymer Science, 32: 455-482.

9.       Su’ait, M. S., Ahmad, A., Badri, K. H., Mohamed, N. S., Rahman, M. Y. A., Ricardo, C. L. A. and Scardi, P. (2014). The potential of polyurethane bio-based solid polymer electrolyte for photoelectrochemical cell application. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 39: 3005-3017.

10.    Chew, K. W., Ng, T. C. and How Z. H. (2013). Conductivity and microstructure study of PLA-based polymer electrolyte salted with lithium perchlorate, LiClO₄. International Journal of Electrochemical Science, 8: 6354-6364.

11.    Ahmad, A., Rahman, M. Y. A., Harun, H., Su’ait, M. S. and Yarmo, M. A. (2012). Preparation and characterization of 49% poly(methyl methacrylate) grafted natural rubber (MG49)-stannum (IV) oxide (SnO₂)-lithium salt based composite polymer electrolyte. International Journal of Electrochemical Science, 7: 8309-8325.

12.    Su’ait, M. S., Ahmad, A., Hamzah, H. and Rahman, M. Y. A. (2011). Effect of lithium salt concentrations on blended 49% poly(methyl methacrylate) grafted natural rubber and poly(methyl methacrylate) based solid polymer electrolyte. Electrochimica Acta, 57: 123-131.

13.    Ji, J, K. and Zhong, W. H. (2011). Simultaneous improvement in ionic conductivity and mechanical properties of multi-functional block-copolymer modified solid polymer electrolytes for lithium ion batteries. Journal of Power Sources, 196: 10163-10168.

14.    Isa, K. B. M., Othman, L. and Osman Z. (2011). Comparative studies on plasticized and unplasticized polyacrylonitrile (pan) polymer electrolytes containing lithium and sodium salts. Sains Malaysiana, 40: 695-700.

15.    Pandey, K., Asthana, N., Dwivedi, M. M. and Chaturvedi, S. K. (2013). Effect of plasticizers on structural and dielectric behaviour of [PEO + (NH₄)₂C₄H₈(COO)₂] polymer electrolyte. Journal of Polymers, 2013: 752596.

16.    Dash. S. and Ghosh. A. (2015). Ionic conductivity and dielectric permittivity of PEO-LIClO₄ solid polymer electrolyte plasticized with propylene carbonate. AIP Advances 5: 027125.

17.    Pradhan, D. K., Choudhary, R. N. P., Samantaray, B. K., Karan, N. K. and Katiyar, R. S. (2007). Effect of plasticizer on structural and electrical properties of polymer nanocomposite electrolytes. International Journal of Electrochemical Science, 2: 861-871.

18.    Ibrahim, S., Yasin, S. M. M., Ahmad, R. and Johan M. R. (2012). Effects of various ec plasticizer concentrations on salted PEO based solid polymer electrolytes. International Journal of Plastic Technology, 16(2): 125-135.

19.    Pitawala, H. M. J. C., Dissanayake, M. A. K. L., Seneviratne, V. A., Mellander, B. -E. and Albinson I. (2008). Effect of plasticizers (EC or PC) on the ionic conductivity and thermal properties of the (PEO)₉LiTf: Al₂O₃ nanocomposite polymer electrolyte system. Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry, 12: 783-789.

20.    Johan, M. R., Shy, O. H., Ibrahim, S., Yassin, S. M. M. and Hui, T. Y. (2011). Effects of Al₂O₃ nanofiller and EC plasticizer on the ionic conductivity enhancement of solid PEO-LiCF₃SO₃ solid polymer electrolyte. Solid State Ionics, 196: 41-47.

21.    Lim, C. S., Teoh, K. H., Ng, H. M., Liew, C. W. and Ramesh, S. (2017). Ionic conductivity enhancement studies of composite polymer electrolyte based on poly(vinyl alcohol)-lithium perchlorate-titanium oxide. Advanced Materials Letters, 8(4): 465-471.