Sains Malaysiana 42(10)(2013): 1371–1376

A Biomonitor of Heavy Metals on Ruderal Habitats in Turkey-Diplotaxis tenuifolia (L.) DC.

(Suatu Biopenunjuk bagi Logam Berat pada Habitat Rudera di Turki-Diplotaxis tenuifolia (L.) DC.)

M. Ozturk^{1 2}*, S. Sakcali^{3 4} & A.    Celik⁵

¹Ege University, Botany Department, Bornova, Izmir, Turkey

²Faculty of Forestry, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia

³Suleyman Demirel University, Faculty of Science & Arts, Department of Biology, Isparta, Turkey

⁴International Burch University, Department of Genetics and Bioengineering

Sarajevo, Bosnia Herzegovina

⁵Pamukkale University, Biology Department, Denizli, Turkey

Received: 10 March 2013/Accepted: 12 May 2013

ABSTRACT

Diplotaxis tenuifolia is a medicinally important perennial plant species, distributed widely alongside the roads in Turkey. The samples were collected from 54 sites, including highways, sideways, industrial areas, urban centres and rural environs. Both the plant and soil samples were analysed to determine the concentrations of different metals using AAS. The results showed that in the soil samples copper and lead were highest near highway 45.533 and 2.865 mg/kg, respectively; but lowest values of copper were determined around industrial areas (3.514 mg/kg), latter however showed higher concentrations of cadmium (0.726 mg/kg) and iron (82.766 mg/kg). The lead as well as iron were the lowest around sideways 1.917 mg/kg and 54.073 mg/kg, respectively, whereas chromium concentrations in the soils were highest near sideways (18.397 mg/kg) and lowest around industrial areas (0.182 mg/kg). The sideways showed very low nickel concentrations (0.271 mg/kg), as compared to the rural areas which had higher nickel concentrations (0.726 mg/kg). No cadmium was detected in the urban soil samples. In the plants copper and chromium were higher in the urban areas 50.130 and 0.238 mg/kg, respectively. The former was lowest around sideways (32.377 mg/kg) and latter around highways (0.114 mg/kg). Both nickel and cadmium were higher in the samples from industrial areas 0.238 and 0.016 mg/kg, respectively. Their values around the highways were lowest 0.182 and 0.005 mg/kg. The samples from urban sites revealed highest values of lead (3.474 mg/kg) and iron (61.304 mg/kg), but the values of lead were lowest around sideways (2.420 mg/kg) and those of iron in the vicinity of industrial areas (20.600 mg/kg). All these findings depict that there is some aerial deposition of these metals on the leaves. A significant correlation is seen between the plants and the soils.

Keywords: Biomonitor; Diplotaxis tenuifolia; heavy metals; Turkey

ABSTRAK

Diplotaxis tenuifolia ialah suatu spesies tumbuhan saka yang penting sebagai ubat, tertabur secara meluas di tepi jalan di Turki. Sampel telah dikutip dari 54 tapak, termasuk lebuh raya, tepi jalan raya, kawasan industri, pusat bandar dan persekitaran desa. Kedua-dua sampel tumbuhan dan tanih telah dianalisis untuk menentukan kepekatan logam berbeza menggunakan AAS. Hasil menunjukkan dalam sampel tanih, tembaga dan plumbum adalah paling tinggi berdekatan lebuh raya masing-masing 45.533 dan 2.865 mg/kg, tetapi nilai paling rendah bagi tembaga telah ditentukan di sekeliling kawasan industri (3.514 mg/kg), walau bagaimanapun menunjukkan kepekatan lebih tinggi bagi kadmium (0.726 mg/kg) dan besi (82.766 mg/kg). Plumbum dan besi adalah paling rendah di sekeliling tepi jalan, masing-masing 1.917 mg/kg dan 54.073 mg/kg, manakala kepekatan kromium di dalam tanih adalah paling tinggi dekat tepi jalan (18.397 mg/kg) dan paling rendah di sekeliling kawasan industri (0.182 mg/kg). Tepi jalan menunjukkan kepekatan nikel paling rendah (0.271 mg/kg), dibandingkan dengan kawasan desa yang mempunyai kepekatan nikel paling tinggi (0.726 mg/kg). Tiada cadmium telah dikesan dalam sampel tanih bandar. Dalam tumbuhan, tembaga dan kromium adalah paling tinggi di kawasan bandar masing-masing 50.130 dan 0.238 mg/kg. Tembaga adalah paling rendah di tepi jalan (32.377 mg/kg) dan kemudian di sekeliling lebuh raya (0.114 mg/kg). Kedua-dua nikel dan cadmium adalah paling tinggi dalam sampel dari kawasan industri masing-masing 0.238 dan 0.016 mg/kg. Nilai mereka di sekeliling lebuh raya adalah paling rendah 0.182 dan 0.005 mg/kg. Sampel dari tapak bandar menunjukkan nilai paling tinggi bagi plumbum (3.474 mg/kg) dan besi (61.304 mg/kg), tetapi nilai bagi plumbum adalah paling rendah di sekeliling tepi jalan (2.420 mg/kg) dan nilai bagi besi di sekitar kawasan industri (20.600 mg/kg). Semua penemuan ini menunjukkan bahawa mungkin terjadi penumbukan dari udara bagi logam yang berkenaan pada daun. Suatu korelasi yang signifikan telah dilihat antara tumbuhan dan tanih.

Kata kunci: Biopenunjuk; Diplotaxis tenuifolia; logam berat; Turki

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*Corresponding author; email: munirozturk@gmail.com