Sains Malaysiana 34(2): 35-41 (2005)
The Use of Multivariate Statistical Analysis
in Lipid Biomarker Studies
(Penggunaan Analisis Statistik Multivariat
dalam Kajian Penanda Lipid)
Masni Mohd Ali
School of Environment and Natural Resource Sciences
Faculty of Science and Technology
Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia
43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor D.E.Malaysia
Stephen M. Mudge
School of Ocean Sciences
University of Wales
Bangor, Menai Bridge
Anglesey LL59 5AB
United Kingdom
ABSTRACT
Fatty acids, fatty alcohols and sterols have been determined for a sediment core taken from the Conwy Estuary, United Kingdom. These biomarkers were used to identify temporal variations in organic matter sources within the estuary. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was used to distinguish the dominant source signatures. PCA for individual chemical group successfully classified fatty acids, fatty alcohols and sterols as either principally terrestrial or principally marine/bacterial. However, PCA was not able to separate the marine and bacterial derived compounds. The same observation was shown when PCA was carried out with the combination of fatty acids, fatty alcohols and sterols.
Keywords: PCA, lipid biomarker, multivariate
ABSTRAK
Asid lemak, alcohol lemak dan sterol telah ditentukan di dalam turus sedimen yang diambil daripada Estuari Conwy, United Kingdom. Penanda biologi ini dig una untuk menentukan variasi temporal bagi sumber bahan organik di dalam estuari tersebut. Analisis Komponen Utama (PCA) diguna untuk membezakan sumber yang dominan. Analisis ini telah berjaya mengklasifikasikan asid lemak, alkohol lemak dan sterol sama ada terestrial atau marin dan bakteria bagi kumpulan kimia individu. Walau bagaimanapun, PCA tidak berjaya membezakan sebatian yang berasal daripada marin dan bakteria. Pemerhatian yang sama juga ditunjukkan apabila PCA dilakukan ke atas gabungan sebatian asid lemak, alcohol lemak dan sterol.
Kata kunci: PCA, penanda biologi, analisis multivariat
RUJUKAN/REFERENCES
Aboul-Kassim, T.A.T. & Simoneit, B.R.T. 1996. Lipid geochemistry of surficial sediments from the coastal environment of Egypt. 1. Aliphatic hydrocarbonscharacterisation and sources. Marine Chemistry 54: 135-158.
Canuel, E. A. 2001. Relations between river flow, primary production and fatty acid composition of particulate organic matter in San Francisco and Chesapeake Bays: a multivariate approach. Organic Geochemistry 32: 563-583
Carrie, R. H., Mitchell, L. & Black, K. D. 1998. Fatty acids in surface sediments at the Hebridean shelf edge, west of Scotland. Organic Geochemistry 29: 1583-1593.
Cranwell, P.A. & Volkman, J.K. 1981. Alkyl and steryl esters in a recent lacustrine sediment. Chemical Geology 32: 29-43.
Currie, B. R. & Johns, R. B. 1989. An organic geochemical analysis of terrestrial biomarkers in a transect of the Great Banier Reef Lagoon. Australian Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 40: 275-284.
Gagosian, R. B., Nigrelli, G. E. & Volkman, J. K. 1983. Vertical transport and transformation of biogenic organic compounds from a sediment trap experiment off the coast of Peru. In: Suess, E. and Thiede, J. (Eds.). Coastal Upwelling, its Sediment Record. Part A: Responses of the Sedimentary Regime to Present Coastal Upwelling. New York: Plenum Press
Graeve, M. & Kattner, G. 1992. Species-specific differences in intact wax esters of Calanus hyperboreus and C. Finmarchicus from Fram Strait - Greenland Sea. Marine Chemistry 39: 269-281.
Grimalt, J.D. & Albaiges, J. 1990. Characterization of the depositional of the Ebro Delta (western Mediterranean) by the study of sedimentary lipid markers. Marine Geology 95: 207-224.
Hama, T. 1991. Production and turnover rates of fatty acids in marine particulate matter through phytoplankton photosynthesis. Marine Chemistry 33: 213-227.
Harvey, H. R. & Macko, S. A. 1997. Catalysts or contributers? Tracking bacterial mediation of early diagenesis in the marine water column. Organic Geochemistry 26: 531-544.
Killops, S.D. & Killops, V.J. 1993. An Introduction to Organic Geochemistry. New York: Longman Scientific and Technical.
Matsuda, H. & Koyama, T. 1977. Early diagenesis of fatty acids in lacustrine sediments. 1. Identification and distribution of fatty acids in recent sediments from a freshwater lake. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 41: 777-783.
Mudge, S. M. & Duce, C. E. 2005. Identifying the source, transport path and sinks of sewage deri ved organic matter. Environmental Pollution 136: 209-220.
Mudge, S. M., Bebianno, M. J., East, J. A. & Barreira, L,A. 1999. Sterols in the Ria Formosa Lagoon, Portugal. Water Resources 33: 1038-1048.
Mudge, S. M., East, J. A., Bebianno, M. J. & Barreira, L, A. 1998. Fatty acids in the Ria Formosa Lagoon, Portugal. Organic Geochemistry 29: 963-977.
Mudge, S. M. & Lintern, D. G. 1999. Comparison of sterol biomarkers for sewage with other measures in Victoria Harbour, B. C., Canada. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 48: 27-38
Mudge, S. M. & Norris, C. E. 1997 Lipid biomarkers in the Conwy Estuary (North Wales, U.K.): a comparison between fatty alcohols and sterols. Marine Chemistry 57: 61-84.
Pereira, M. G. S. 1999. Bacterial degradation of linseed and sunflower oils in salt marsh sediments. PhD Thesis. University of Wales, Bangor.
Reitan, K. I., Rainuzzo, J. R. & Olsen, Y. 1994. Effect of nutrient limitation on fatty acid and lipid content of marine microalgae. Journal of Phycology 30: 972-979.
Riitters, H., Sass, H., Cypionka, H. & Rullkotter, J. 2002. Microbial communities in a Wadden Sea sediment core - clues from analyses of intact glyceride lipids, and released fatty acids. Organic Geochemistry 33: 803-816.
Saliot, A., Laureillard, J., Scribr P. & Sicre, M.A. 1991. Evolutionary trends in the lipid iomarker approach for investigating the biogeochemistry organic matter in the marine environment. Marine Chemistry 36: 233-248.
Sargent, J.R., Gatten, R.R & McIntosh, R 1977. Wax esters in the marine environment - their occurrence, formation, transformation and ultimate fates. Marine Chemistry 5: 573584.
Simeonov, V., Massart, D. L., Andreev, G. & Tsakovski, S. 2000. Assessment of metal pollution based on multivariate statistical modeling of 'hot spot' sediments from the Black Sea. Chemosphere 41: 1411-1417.
Volkman, J.K. 1986. A review of sterol markers for marine and terrigenous organic matter. Organic Geochemistry 9: 83-99.
Volkman, J. K., Rohjans, D., Rullkotter, J., Scholz-Bottcher, B.M. & Liebezeit, G. 2000. Sources and diagenesis of organic matter in tidal flat sediments from the German Wadden Sea. Continental Shelf Research 20: 1139-1158.
Wakeham, S. G. & Lee, C. 1989. Organic geochemistry of particulate matter in the ocean: the role of particles in oceanic sedimentary cycles. Organic Geochemistry 14: 83-96.
Yunker, M.B., MacDonald, R.W., Veltkamp, D.J. & Cretrey, W.J. 1995. Terrestrial and marine biomarkers in a seasonally icecovered Arctic estuary - integration of multivariate and biomarker approaches. Marine Chemistry 49: l-50.
|