Sains Malaysiana
37(4): 341-350(2008)
Komposisi
Unsur-Unsur Utama dan Logam Berat dalam
Tanih
di Sekitar Bukit Batu Kapur di Perlis
(Major Elements and Heavy Metals Composition of Soils Surrounding
Limestone Hills in Perlis)
Sahibin Abd. Rahim, Zulfahmi Ali Rahman, Muhd Barzani
Gasim,
Wan Mohd Razi Idris & Mohamad Md. Tan
Pusat Pengajian Sains Sekitaran dan Sumber Alam
Fakulti Sains dan Teknologi, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia
43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
Diserahkan: 29
Januari 2007 / Diterima: 1
Februari 2008
ABSTRAK
Sebanyak 16 sampel tanih atas dari Bukit
Jernih, Gua Kelam dan Bukit Merah telah dianalisis bagi menentukan
komposisi unsur utama dan logam berat serta beberapa sifat fiziko-kimianya.
Unsur-unsur utama yang ditentukan adalah SiO2,
TiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3,
MnO, MgO, CaO, Na2O, K2O, P2O5,
manakala logam berat ialah As, Co, Cu, Cr, Ni, Pb dan Zn. Sifat
fiziko-kimia yang ditentukan adalah peratus bahan organik, kandungan
lempung, lodak dan pasir, pH dan kekonduksian elektrik tanih. Keputusan
analisis menunjukkan purata pH di tanih batu kapur adalah 6.38 hingga
6.93, manakala purata nilai pH tanih kuarzit adalah 6.23. Purata
kekonduksian elektrik di ketiga-tiga kawasan kajian berada di bawah
aras 1.7 mS/cm. Purata kandungan bahan organik paling tinggi ditunjukkan
oleh sampel Bukit Jernih (7.45%), diikuti oleh Gua Kelam (5.21%)
dan Bukit Merah (3.31%). Tanih di Bukit Jernih dan Gua Kelam menunjukkan
tekstur lempung dengan kandungannya yang melebihi 35%, manakala
tanih di Bukit Merah lebih mempunyai tekstur pasir dengan purata
kandungannya melebihi 67%. Secara amnya, sampel tanih batu kapur iaitu
dari Bukit Jernih dan Gua Kelam mencatatkan purata kepekatan logam
berat yang tinggi berbanding tanih kuarzit daripada Bukit Merah.
Unsur Cr dan Co di Bukit Jernih mempunyai purata kepekatan masing-masing
413 µg/g dan 88 µg/g, manakala di Gua Kelam purata kepekatannya
adalah 152 µg/g dan 76 µg/g. Purata kepekatan ini telah melebihi
aras yang berpotensi toksik di dalam tanih. Kandungan unsur utama
yang penting adalah unsur SiO2 diikuti oleh Al2O3
dan Fe2O3. Kandungan SiO2 dalam
tanih kuarzit dari Bukit Merah (89.45%) adalah lebih tinggi berbanding
tanih batu kapur dari Bukit Jernih (59.74%) dan Gua Kelam (53.16%).
Bagaimanapun kandungan Al2O3 dan Fe2O3
dalam tanih batukapur adalah lebih tinggi berbanding tanih kuarzit.
Peratus bahan mudah terbakar dalam tanih batu kapur dua kali ganda
lebih tinggi berbanding tanih kuarzit. Unsur-unsur utama yang lain
bernilai kurang daripada 2.5%. Hasil kajian ini menunjukkan pengayaan
unsur-unsur Cr, Zn, Pb, Ni dan Cu dipengaruhi oleh kehadiran unsur
utama khususnya SiO2, Al2O3, dan
Fe2O3.
Kata kunci: Bukit batu kapur; ketoksikan; logam berat; pengayaan; unsur utama
ABSTRACT
Sixteen topsoil samples from Bukit
Jernih, Gua Kelam and Bukit Merah were analysed for their major elements and heavy metal composition,
together with several physico-chemical parameters. Major elements
determined were SiO2,
TiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3,
MnO, MgO, CaO, Na2O, K2O, P2O5,
whereas heavy metals determined were As, Co, Cu, Cr, Ni, Pb and
Zn. Physico-chemical parameters determined were percentage
of organic matter, clay, silt and sand composition, pH and electrical
conductivity. The results showed that the average of soil pH in
limestone soil was between 6.38 to 6.93, whereas average of soil
pH in quartzite soil was 6.23. The average of soil electrical
conductivity for all sampling stations was below 1.7 mScm-1.
High organic matter content average was shown in soil samples
from Bukit Jernih (7.45%), followed by Gua Kelam (5.21%) and Bukit
Merah (3.31%). Soil samples from Bukit Jernih and Gua Kelam showed
a clayey texture with more than 35% clay content, whereas soil
from Bukit Merah was sandy in texture with more than 67% sand
content. In general, soil samples from limestone area of Bukit
Jernih and Gua Kelam recorded higher content of heavy metals compared
to quartzite soil from Bukit Merah.. The average concentration
of Cr and Co at Bukit Jernih at 413 µg/g and 88 µg/g, respectively, whereas the concentration at
Gua Kelam was 152 µg/g
dan 76 µg/g. These concentrations exceeded the potential toxic
concentration in soil. The main major elements were
SiO2 followed by Al2O3 and Fe2O3.
SiO2 content in quartzite soil from Bukit Merah
(89.45%) was higher compared to limestone soil
from Bukit Jernih (59.74%) and Gua Kelam (53.16%). Nevertheless,
Al2O3 and Fe2O3 content
in limestone soil was higher compared to its content in quartzite
soils. The percentage of easily ignited content in limestone soil
was two fold higher than its content in quartzite soil. Other
major elements content were less than 2.5%. The study showed that
enrichment of Cr, Zn, Pb, Ni and Cu in soil was influenced by
the presence of SiO2, Al2O3 and
Fe2O3.
Keywords: Limestones hill; toxocoty;
heavy metals; enrichment major elements
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