Sains Malaysiana 38(1): 31-38(2009)

Kandungan Logam Berat Terpilih dalam Tanih dan Tumbuhan Arundina graminifolia dari Kawasan Lombong Pelepah Kanan, Kota Tinggi, Johor, Malaysia

(Selected Heavy Metals Content in Soil and Arundina graminifolia from

Pelepah Kanan Mine, Kota Tinggi, Johor, Malaysia)

Sahibin Abd. Rahim*, Zulfahmi Ali Rahman, Wan Mohd. Razi Idris, Azman Hashim, Tukimat Lihan, Muhd. Barzani Gasim, Jumaat Adam & Fong Ngai Lim

Pusat Pengajian Sains Sekitaran dan Sumber Alam

Fakulti Sains dan Teknologi, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia

43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia

Diserahkan:  25 Januari 2008 / Diterima:  22 April 2008

ABSTRAK

Kajian kandungan logam berat Cd, Co, Cr, Ni, Pb, dan Zn telah dilakukan ke atas tumbuhan Arundina graminifolia daripada kawasan Lombong Pelepah Kanan, Kota Tinggi, Johor. Kandungan logam berat yang sama turut ditentukan ke atas substrata tanih di tempat di mana tumbuhan itu diambil. Kandungan logam berat dalam tiga bahagian tumbuhan iaitu akar, batang dan daun telah diekstrak secara penghadaman basah manakala kandungan logam berat tersedia dan resistan dalam tanih diekstrak dengan kaedah pengekstrakan berjujukan. Kandungan logam berat jumlah didapati dengan menjumlahkan logam berat tersedia dengan logam berat resistant. Kandungan logam berat di dalam larutan ekstrak tanih dan tumbuhan ditentukan menggunakan Spektrofotometer Serapan Atom Nyalaan. Kandungan logam berat Cd, Cr, Ni dan Pb adalah setara kandungannya dalam semua bahagian tumbuhan manakala kepekatan Co dan Zn adalah tiga hingga lima kali lebih tinggi berbanding tumbuhan kawalan. Bagi kandungan logam berat di dalam bahagian tumbuhan yang berbeza didapati kepekatan Cd  adalah lebih tinggi dalam akar (2.03 mg/kg) diikuti oleh daun (1.67 mg/kg) dan batang (1.49 mg/kg).  Kepekatan Co adalah lebih tinggi dalam daun (9.26 mg/kg) diikuti oleh akar (9.18 mg/kg) dan batang (6.94 mg/kg). Kepekatan Cr mengikut susunan menurun adalah akar (0.46 mg/kg) > daun (0.19 mg/kg) > batang (0.08 mg/kg). Kepekatan Ni  adalah lebih tinggi dalam daun (2.78 mg/kg) diikuti oleh akar (2.71 mg/kg) dan batang (1.66 mg/kg). Kepekatan Pb mengikut susunan menurun adalah akar (10.34 mg/kg) > daun (4.18 mg/kg) > batang (3.75 mg/kg). Kepekatan Zn lebih tinggi dalam daun (44.03 mg/kg) diikuti oleh akar (32.30 mg/kg) dan batang (13.21 mg/kg). Kandungan logam berat jumlah dalam tanih adalah masing-masing 2.07-5.59 mg/kg, 8.72-39.93 mg/kg, 1.81-2.14 mg/kg, 2.66-6.87 mg/kg, 23.02-51.56 mg/kg and 0.64-2.61 mg/kg bagi Ni, Zn, Cd, Pb, Co dan Cr. Didapati bahawa kandungan fraksi tersedia dalam tanih adalah 21.9% bagi Ni, 15.3% bagi Zn, 49.9% bagi Cd, 19.3% bagi Pb, 45.7% bagi Co and 0% bagi Cr. Koefisien penyerapan biologi tumbuhan ke atas logam berat yang dikaji adalah rendah keculai bagi Zn yang nilainya lebih daripada 1. Tumbuhan ini tidak sesuai digunakan sebagai agen fitoremediasi untuk logam-logam di atas.

Kata kunci:  Arundina graminifolia; Kota Tinggi; lombong 

ABSTRACT

Heavy metals composition of  Cd, Co, Cr, Ni, Pb and Zn in Arundina graminifolia collected from mining area at Lombong Pelepah Kanan, Kota Tinggi, Johor were determined. The heavy metal content was also analysed in their soil substrates. The plants were separated into different portions i.e. root, stem and leaf and extracted for their heavy metal content by digestion method whereas the soils heavy metal content was extracted by sequential extraction. Heavy metal content in soil and plant extract was determined using the Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. Heavy metal contents of Cd, Cr, Ni and Pb in plants were compared with their content in the control plant, whereas the Co and Zn contents were three to five folds higher. As for heavy metal content in different plant parts, it was found that Cd concentration was high in roots (2.03 mg/kg) followed by leaf (1.67 mg/kg) and stem (1.49 mg/kg). Co concentration was high in leaf (9.26 mg/kg) followed by root (9.18 mg/kg) and stem (6.94 mg/kg). For Cr, the concentration in decreasing sequence was root (0.46 mg/kg) > leaf (0.19 mg/kg) > stem (0.08 mg/kg).  Ni concentration was higher in leaf (2.78 mg/kg) followed by root (2.71 mg/kg) and stem (1.66 mg/kg). Concentration in decreasing order was root (10.34 mg/kg) > leaf (4.18 mg/kg) > stem (3.75 mg/kg). Zn concentration was higher in leaf (44.03 mg/kg) followed by root (32.30 mg/kg) and stem (13.21 mg/kg). Total heavy metal content in soil was 2.07-5.59 mg/kg, 8.72-39.93 mg/kg, 1.81-2.14 mg/kg, 2.66-6.87 mg/kg, 23.02-51.56 mg/kg and 0.64-2.61 mg/kg for Ni, Zn, Cd, Pb, Co and Cr, respectively. The available fraction of heavy metals in soil was 21.9% for Ni, 15.3% for Zn, 49.9% for Cd, 19.3% for Pb, 45.7% for Co and nil percent for Cr. Biological adsorption coefficient for the heavy metals studied was very low except for Zn where BAC value slightly higher than 1. This plant was not suitable to be used as a phyto-remediation agent for the heavy metals studied.

Keywords:  Arundina graminifolia; mine; Kota Tinggi

RUJUKAN/REFERENCES

Alloway, B.J. 1995. Heavy metal in soils. London: Blackie Academic and Professional.

AOAC. 1984. Official method of analysis. 14^th Ed. Virginia: Association of Official Chemist.

Chiras, D.D. 2001. Environmental science: Creating a sustainable future. 6^th. Ed. USA: Jones and Bartlett Publishers, Inc.

Colin, B. & Michael, C. 2005. Environmental chemistry. New York: Freeman W.H. and Company.

Fedelah, A.A. 2001. Orchids the living jewels of Malaysia. Kuala Lumpur: Malaysian Agricultural Research and Development.

Hamilton, E.I. 1995. State of the art of tree element determinations in plant. Sci Total Environ 176: 3 – 14.

Heenan, D.P. & Campbell, L.C. 1980. Transport and distribution of manganese in two cultivars of soya bean. Aust. J. Agric. Research 31: 943.

Hessener, T.R., Hons, F.M. & Stewert, B.D. 1992. Soil restoration advances in soil science. New York: Springer Verlag.

Kabata-Pendias, A. & Pendias, H. 2001. Trace elements in soils and plants. 3^rd ed.  Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press.

Loneragan, J.F. 1981. Distribution and movement of copper in plants. In Copper in Soils and plants, Loneragan, J.F., Robson, A.D. & Graham, R.D. (eds). p.165-188. Sydney: Academic Press.

Maclaughlin, M.J., Parker, D.R. & Charke, J.M. 1999. Metals and micronutrients - food   safety issues. Field Crop Res. 60: 143 – 63.

Michelutti, B., Wiserman, M., Lul, R. & Stewart, B.A. 1995. Environmental restoration of the industry city. Berlin: Springer Verlag.

Noronha, I. 2001. Designing tools to trek health and well being in mining regions of   India. Natural Resource Forum 25: 53 – 65.

Prasad, M.N.V. 2004. Heavy metal stress in plants. 2^nd ed. India: Springer Verlag.

Rulkens, W.H., Grotenhuis, J.T.C. & Tiehy, R. 1995. Method for cleaning contaminated soils and sediments. In Heavy metal problems and solutions, Salomons, W., Forstner, U. & Mader, P. (eds.).  165 – 191. Berlin: Springer.

Sahibin Abd. Rahim, Tukimat Lihan, Wan Mohd. Razi Idris & Choo Lee Chian. 2006. Pengambilan logam berat Fe, Mn dan Cu oleh Melastoma malabathricum dalam tanih bekas lombong Pelepah Kanan, Kota Tinggi, Johor. Sains Malaysiana 35(1): 37-44.

Sahibin Abd. Rahim, Tukimat Lihan, Zulfahmi Ali Rahman, Wan Mohd. Razi Idris, Azman Hashim, Sharilnizam M.Yusof & Liow Hai Yin. 2007. Pengambilan logam berat Fe, Mn dan Cu oleh Nephentes sp. dalam tanih bekas lombong Pelepah Kanan, Kota Tinggi, Johor. Sains Malaysiana 36(2):123-132.

Salt, D.E., Smith, R.D. & Raskin, I. 1998. Phytoremediation. Annu Rev Plant Physiol Plant Mol Biol 49: 634 – 668.

Tiffin, L.O. 1972. Translocation of micronutrients in plants. In Micronutrients in agriculture. Mortvedt, J. J., Giordano, P.M. & Lindsay, W.L. (eds). p. 199-224. Soil Science Society of America, Madison, Wisc. USA.

UNEP. 1997. Industry and environment mining and sustainable development. United Nations Environmental Program.

Zimdahl, R.L. 1975. Entry and movement in vegetation of lead derived from air and soil sources. Paper presented at 68 th Annual Meeting of the Air Pollution Control Association, Boston

*Pengarang untuk surat menyurat.