Sains Malaysiana 39(2)(2010): 181–187

 

Pengaruh Kanopi Hutan Sekunder Terhadap Kadar Pintasan bagi Kitaran Hidrologi di Tasik Chini, Pahang, Malaysia

(Influence of Secondary Forest Canopy towards Interception Rate in Hydrological Cycle of Tasik Chini, Pahang, Malaysia)

 

Nor Rohaizah Jamil^{*, 1}, Mohd Ekhwan Toriman²

Mushrifah Idris¹ & Lim Wei Jing¹

 

¹Pusat Pengajian Sains Sekitaran dan Sumber Alam

Fakulti Sains dan Teknologi, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia

 

²Pusat Pengajian Sosial, Pembangunan dan Persekitaran

Fakulti Sains Sosial dan Kemanusiaan, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia

 

Diserahkan: 29 Oktober 2008 / Diterima: 3 Ogos 2009

 

 

 

ABSTRAK

 

Sebahagian hujan akan diperangkap oleh lapisan kanopi pokok dan permukaan lain sebagai pintasan, sebelum tersejat kembali ke atmosfera. Air hujan menuruni kanopi hutan melalui dua mekanisme; aliran batang dan jatuhan langsung. Aliran batang merujuk kepada jumlah air hujan yang sampai ke permukaan tanah dengan menuruni batang pokok dan dahan. Manakala jatuhan langsung pula merujuk kepada jatuhan terus air hujan yang menembusi lapisan kanopi hutan melalui ruang-ruang antara daun dan menitis dari daun, cabang dan dahan pokok. Kedua-dua komponen ini dinilai menggunakan plot pintasan bersaiz 100 ¥100 m2 di hutan sekunder Tasik Chini. Tiga puluh batang pokok telah digunakan dan setiap pokok dikenal pasti berdasarkan spesies, famili, diameter aras dada (DBH) saiz kanopi dan ketumpatan kanopi. Dalam kajian ini, data pintasan telah dikumpulkan pada dua kali kejadian hujan yang berlaku dalam bulan November 2007 (44.51% dalam bentuk jatuhan langsung dan 55.49% dalam bentuk aliran batang) dan taburan hujan dalam bulan Disember 2007 (39.65% dalam bentuk jatuhan langsung dan 60.35% dalam bentuk aliran batang). Kajian pintasan ini menghasilkan maklumat penting bagi kitaran hidrologi yang berlaku dalam ekosistem hutan, juga keseimbangan air tanah bencah.

 

Kata kunci: Aliran batang; hutan sekunder Tasik Chini; impak hidrologi; pintasan; spesies tempatan natif

 

ABSTRACT

 

Part of a rainfall is captured by the crowns of the trees and other surfaces as interception, which is then evaporated back into the atmosphere. Water moves down through the forest canopy via two mechanisms; stemflow and throughfall processes. Stemflow refers to the total quantity of rain water which reach the ground through tree stems and branches. Throughfall in the other hand, is the tendency of the rainfalls to penetrate the forest canopy directly through the spaces between the leaves or by dripping from the leaves, twigs, and branches. Both components were measured in an interception plot size 100 ¥100 m2 in a secondary tropical forest at Tasik Chini. Thirty tree samples were used and each tree was well-identified based on their species, family, diameter breast height (DBH), canopy size and its density. In this study, the data were collected based on two rainfall events, namely in November 2007(44.51% in throughfall form and 55.49% in stem flow form) and rainfall distribution on December 2007 (39.65% in throughfall form and 60.35% in stem flow form). This interception study provided essential information on how the function of the forest can affect the crucial hydrological cycle occurring within this forest ecosystem and the wetland water balance.

 

Keywords: Hydrological impact; interception; native local species; stem flow; Tasik Chini secondary forest

 

RUJUKAN

 

Archard, F., Eva, H.D., Stibig, H.-J., Mayaux, P., Gallego, Richards, T. & Malingreau, J.-P. 2002. Determination of deforestation rates of the world’s humid tropical forests. Science 297: 999-1002.

Brandt, J. 1987. The Effect of Different Types of Forest Management on the Transformation of Rainfall Energy by the Canopy in Relation to Soil Erosion. Proceedings of the Forest Hydrology Watershed Management Conference. Vancouver, BC, IAHS Publication 167: 213-222.

Bruijnzeel, L.A. 2004. Hydrological functions of tropical forests: Not seeing the soil for the trees?. Agric. Ecosystem. Environment 104: 185-228.

Asdak, C., Jarvis, P.G, Van Gardingen, P. & Fraser, A. 1998. Rainfall interception loss in unlogged and logged forest reas of central Kalimantan, Indonesia. Journal of Hydrology 206: 3-4.

Chappell, N.A., Bidin, K. & Tych, W. 2001. Modelling rainfall and canopy controls on net-precipitation beneath selectively-Logged Tropical Forest. Plant Ecology 153: 215-229.

Crockford, R.H. & Richardson, D.P. 2000. Partitioning of rainfall into throughfall, stemflow and interception: Effect of forest type, ground cover and climate. Hydrology Process 14: 2903-2920.

Douglas, I. 1999. Hydrological investigations of forest disturbance and land cover impacts in South-East Asia: A review. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. Ser. B-Biol. Science 354: 1725-1738.

Dirk Ho¬lscher, Lars Ko¬hler, Albert I.J.M. van Dijkb, L.A. (Sampurno) Bruijnzeel. 2004. The Importance of Epiphytes to Total Rainfall Interception by a Tropical Montane Rain Forest in Costa Rica. Journal of Hydrology 292: 308-322

Reynolds, E.R.C. & Henderson, C.S. 1967. Rainfall Interception by Beech, Larch And Norway Spruce. Forestry 40(2): 165-184

FAO. 2001. Deforestation Continues At a High Rate in Tropical Areas; Fao Calls Upon Countries to Fight Forest Crime and Corruption. Press Release 01/61. Geneva/Rome.

Helvey, J.D. & Patric, H. 1965. Canopy and litter interception of rainfall by Hardwoods of Eastern United States. Water Resource 1: 193-206

Herwitz, S.R. 1987. Raindrop impact and water flow on the vegetative surface of trees and the effects on stemflow and throughfall generation, Earth Surface Processes and Landform 12: 425-432.

Huber, A. & Iroume«, A. 2001. Variability of annual rainfall partitioning for different sites and forest covers in Chile. Hydrology 248: 78-92.

Germer, S., Elsenbeer, H. & Moraes, J.M. 2006. Throughfall and temporal trends of rainfall redistribution in an open tropical rainforest, South-Western Amazonia (Rond™nia, Brazil). Hydrology and Earth Systems Science 10: 383-393.

Goetz Schroth, Gustavo A.B. Da Fonseca, Celia A. Harvey, Claude Gascon, Heraldo L. Lasconcelos & Anne-Marie N. Izac. 2004. Agroforestry and Biodiversity Conservation in Tropical Landscapes. Washington. Covelo.London: Island Press.

Kittredge, J. 1948. Forest Influences. New York: Mcgraw-Hill Book. Co.

Linsley, R.K., Kohler, M.A. & Paulhus, J.L.H. 1982. Hydrology for Engineers. New York: McGraw-Hill Company.

Nor Aseken Rosley. 2007. Analisis Pintasan, Jatuhan Langsung dan Aliran Batang di Hutan Pendidikan UKM, Bangi. Kertas Kerja Projek Ijazah Sarjana Muda, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia.

Nor Rohaizah Jamil, Mohd Ekhwan Toriman & Mushrifah Hj Idris. 2008. Analisis Pintasan Hujan di Hutan Sekunder Tasik Chini, Pekan Pahang. Prosiding Persidangan Antarabangsa Sosial, Pembangunan dan Persekitaran. UKM. 18-19 Nov 2008: p. 846-860.

Oliver DŸnisch, Markus Erbreich & Thorsten Eilers. 2002. Water Balance and Water Potentials of a Monoculture and an Enrichment Plantation of Carapa Guianensis Aubl. In The Central Amazon. Forest Ecology and Management 172(2-3): 355-367.

Scott, D.W., Jaime, A.N. & Gene, F.P. 2005. Relationship BetweenEvapotranspiration and Pan Evaporation in Cold-Climate Subsurface-Flow Constructed Wetlands. IWA Specialist Group On The Use Of Macrophytes In Water Pollution Control Newsletter No. 30, October.

Sulong Mohamad & Mohamad Ekhwan Toriman 2006. Implikasi Struktur Kunci Air ke atas Aktiviti Pelancongan dan Penduduk di Sekitar Sungai Chini dan Tasik Chini, Pahang. Jurnal e-Bangi 1(1) Julai – Disember.

Van Dijk, A.I.M. & Bruijnzeel, A. 2001. Modelling Rainfall Interception by Vegetation of Variable Density Using an Adapted Analytical Model. Part 1. Model Description. Part 2. Model Validation for a Tropical Upland Mixed Cropping System Journal of Hydrology 247: 230-238 & 239-262.

Wan Ruslan Ismail. 1994. Pengantar Hidrologi. Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.

William M. Putuhena & Ian Cordery 1996. Estimation of Interception Capacity of the Forest Floor. Journal of Hydrology 180: 283-299.

 

 

*Pengarang untuk surat-menyurat; email: norrohaizahjamil@yahoo.com