 |
 |
 |
 |
 |
 |
Sains Malaysiana 39(2)(2010): 189–198
Spatial and Temporal
Variations of Silica in a Disturbed Tropical River Basin
(Variasi Silika
Mengikut Ruang dan Masa di Lembangan Sungai Tropika yang Terganggu)
Nather Khan
Ibrahim*
Ecotone Environmental
Management Sdn. Bhd., Suite 912, Block A, Kelana Centre Point
Kelana Jaya, 47301 Petaling Jaya, Malaysia
Firuza Begham Mustafa
Department of Geography, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences
University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Diserahkan: 8 Ogos 2008 / Diterima: 11 Ogos 2009
ABSTRACT
Spatial and temporal
variations in silica concentration were determined at various rivers and
tributaries in the Linggi River Basin, which has been highly polluted due to
urban, industrial and agricultural wastes. The silica content measured as
reactive silicate in the whole Linggi River Basin ranged from 1.4 to 26.3 mg/L.
A clear seasonal variation in silica was noted especially in the major rivers
with higher concentration during dry months and lower concentration during the
wet months. The concentration was found to decrease as the water flooded
downstream. The large drainage area with granite dominated lithology and high
denudation especially in the upper catchment is attributed for high silica content
in the water of Linggi River Basin.
Keywords: Diatoms; Linggi
River; silica; tropical river; water quality
ABSTRAK
Kepelbagaian variasi
kepekatan silika dalam dimensi ruang dan masa di beberapa sungai dan anak
sungai di Lembangan Sungai Linggi telah dikesan tercemar disebabkan oleh
pembangunan, aktiviti industri dan sisa pertanian. Silika teraktif yang diukur
untuk menentukan kandungan silika di keseluruhan Lembangan Sungai Linggi
mempunyai julat antara 1.4 hingga 26.3 mg/L. Variasi silika pada sesuatu musim
adalah jelas terutamanya di sungai-sungai utama dan pada musim kering,
kepekatan silika adalah tinggi dan kepekatan silika rendah pada musim lembap.
Kepekatan silika berkurangan di bahagian hilir. Kawasan perparitan yang besar
dengan batuan granit yang meliputi litologi dan penggondolan yang pesat
terutamanya di bahagian atas takungan menyumbang kepada kandungan silika yang
tinggi di dalam air di Lembangan Sungai Linggi.
Kata kunci: Diatom;
kualiti air; silika; Sungai Linggi; sungai tropika
RUJUKAN
Alexander,
J.B. 1968. The geology and mineral resources of the neighbourhood of Bentong,
Pahang and adjoining portions of Selangor and Negri Sembilan. Mal. Geol.. Survey Mem. (NS) 8: 1-250.
Bishop,
J.E. 1973. Limnology of small Malaysian river-Sungai Gombak. W.Junk. The
Hague: 485.
Douglas,
I. 1967. Man, vegetation and the sediment yield of river. Nature 215: 925-928.
Douglas,
I. 1969. The efficiency of humid tropical denudation systems. Trans. Inst.
Br. Geog. 26: 1-16.
Dudgeon,
D. 1982. Aspect of the hydrology of Tai Po Kau Forest Stream; New Territories,
Hong Kong. Arch. Hydrobiol./ Supp. 64(1): 1-35.
Ferrante, J.G. &
Parker, J.L. 1978. The Influence of Planktonic and Benthic Crustaceans on
Silicon Cycling in Lake Michigan, U.S.A. Verh. Int. Verein. Limnol. 20:
324-328.
Golterman,
H.L. & Clymo R.S. 1969. Methods for chemical analysis of freshwaters.
Oxford. IBP Handbook No.8. Blackwell Scientific Publications.
Ho,
S.C. 1973. The ecology of a lowland stream. Sungai Renggam with special
reference to pollution. M.Sc. Thesis, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur,
Malaysia.
Kobayashi,
J. 1959. Chemical investigations on river waters of South-eastern Asiatic
countries (Report 1). The quality of waters of Thailand. Ber. Ohara Institute
Land wirtsch.Biologie XI (2): 67-233.
Kobayashi,
J. 1960. A chemical study of the average quality and characteristics of river
waters of Japan. Ber. Ohara Institute land wirtsch. Biologie XI (3):
313-358.
Lewin,
J.C. 1961. The dissolution of silica from diatoms walls. Geochim. Cosmochim.
Acta 21: 182-195.
Macleretj,
F.J.H. 1963. Some methods of water analysis for Limnologists. Freshwater
Biol. Assoc. Sci. No. 21.
Nather
Khan, I.S.A. 1985. Studies on the water quality and periphyton community in the
Linggi River Basin, Malaysia. Ph.D. Thesis (unpublished). Department of
Zoology, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
Nather
Khan, I.S.A. 1990a. Assessment of water pollution using diatom community
structure and species distribution – A case study in a tropical river basin.
Int. Revue der Gesamten Hydrobiologie 75(3): 317-338.
Nather
Khan, I.S.A. 1990b. The mineralogy and trace element constituents of suspended
stream sediments of the Linggi River Basin, Malaysia. Southeast Asian Earth
Sciences 4(2): 133-139.
Nather
Khan, I.S.A. 1991a. Effect of urban and industrial wastes on species diversity
of diatom community in a tropical river basin, Malaysia. Hydrobiologia 224:
175-184.
Nather
Khan, I.S.A. 1991b. Sources of pollution and control strategies for the Linggi River
Basin (Tropical), Malaysia. Chapter XXXIX Environmental Studies – Proceedings
of 9th Miami International Congress on Energy and Environment, Vol. G, New
York: Nova Science Publishers Inc. 11725, USA.
Nather
Khan, I.S.A. 1992a. A study on the impact of urban and industrial development
on quality of rivers in the Linggi River Basin – Morphometry and Physical
Environment. Inc. Revue der Gesamten Hydrobiologie 77(2): 203-223.
Nather
Khan, I.S.A. 1992b. A study on the impact of urban and industrial development
on quality of rivers in the Linggi River Basin – Chemical Environment. Int.
Revue der Gesamten Hydrobiologie 77(3): 391-419.
Nather
Khan, I.S.A. & Lim, R.P. 1991. Distribution of metals in the Linggi River
Basin, Malaysia with reference to pollution. Australian J. Marine and
Freshwater Research 42: 435-449.
Pearsall,
W.H. 1932. Phytoplankton in the English Lakes. II. The composition of the
phytoplankton in relation to dissolved substances. J. Ecol. 20: 241-262.
Wee
Tee Tan, Gaik See Tan & Nather Khan, I.S.A. 1988. Solubilities of trace
copper and lead species and the complexing capacity of river water in Linggi
River Basin. Environmental Pollution 52: 3221-236.
Werner.
1976. The biology of diatom. Botanical Monograph Series. 13: 288.
*Pengarang
untuk surat-menyurat: ecotonemalaysia@yahoo.com
|
|||
|
