Sains Malaysiana
39(3)(2010): 377–385
Variasi
dan Sumber Sterol di Kuala Selangor, Selangor
(Variation
and Sources of Sterols in Kuala Selangor, Selangor)
Masni Mohd
Ali* , Norfariza Humrawali & Mohd Talib Latif
Pengajian
Sains Sekitaran dan Sumber Alam
Fakulti Sains
dan Teknologi, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia
43600 Bangi,
Selangor D. E, Malaysia
Diserahkan:
11 Jun 2009 / Diterima : 27 Ogos 2009
ABSTRAK
Kajian ini adalah
mengenai peranan sterol sebagai penunjuk bio-lipid untuk mengenal pasti variasi
dan sumber bahan organik yang hadir bersama sedimen permukaan dari Kuala
Selangor, Selangor. Kajian melibatkan kaedah pengekstrakan sterol daripada
sampel sedimen dan seterusnya dianalisis menggunakan GC-MS untuk menentukan
kehadiran sebatian tersebut. Sepuluh sebatian sterol dikenal pasti hadir dengan
fitosterol merupakan sebatian dominan di kawasan kajian iaitu 79% daripada
jumlah keseluruhan sterol. Ini diikuti oleh kolesterol serta sterol kumbahan
masing-masing menyumbangkan 6% daripada jumlah keseluruhan sterol manakala
selebihnya berada dalam julat 1-5%. Indeks Sumber Sterol (SSI) juga menunjukkan
kandungan fitosterol yang tinggi walaupun hadir pada kadar yang berbeza di
setiap stesen pensampelan. Penilaian pencemaran kumbahan menggunakan nisbah koprostanol/kolesterol,
koprostanol/(koprostanol+kholestanol) serta epikoprostanol/koprostanol
menunjukkan kawasan kajian tidak mengalami pencemaran kumbahan walaupun sterol
daripada sumber kumbahan hadir di persekitarannya. Kesimpulannya sedimen
permukaan di Kuala Selangor, Selangor mengandungi campuran sterol daripada
pelbagai sumber yang hadir di persekitarannya dengan didominasi oleh fitosterol
yang berasal daripada tumbuhan terestrial.
Kata kunci: Bahan
organik; fitosterol; kolesterol; penunjuk bio-lipid; sterol; sterol kumbahan
ABSTRACT
This study explores the
role of sterols as lipid biomarkers to assess organic matter variations and
their sources in surface sediments of Kuala Selangor, Selangor which involved
extraction procedures and sterol compounds analyzed using GC-MS. Ten sterol
compounds were found in the samples with phytosterol being the principal
compounds which accounted 79% of total sterols. This was followed by
cholesterol and fecal sterols, each constitutes 6% of total sterols while the
rest are in the ranged of 1-5%. Sterol Source Index (SSI) also reflected
phytosterols predominant at all sampling stations but in different degree based
on phytosterol compounds. Another issue was sewage contamination assessment
using coprostanol/cholesterol, coprostanol/(coprostanol+cholestanol) and
epicoprostanol/coprostanol ratio. No sewage contamination occured in the study
area even though fecal sterols have been quantified. This analytical study
indicates that the sediments in the study area consisted of a mixture of
sterols from various sources even though dominated by phytosterols originated
from terrestrial plants. Keywords: Cholesterol; fecal sterols; lipid
biomarkers; organic matter; phytosterols
RUJUKAN
Azevedo, D.
de A. 2003. A preliminary investigation of the polar lipids in recent tropical
sediment from aquatic environments at Campos dos Goytacazes, Brazil. Journal
of the Brazilian Chemical Society 14(1): 97-106.
Bechtel, A.
& Schubert, C.J. 2009. Biogeochemistry of particulate organic matter from
lakes of different trophic levels in Switzerland. Organic Geochemistry 40(4):
441-454
Bull, I.D.,
Lockheart, M.J., Elhmmali, M.M., Roberts, D.J. & Evershed, R.P. 2002. The
origin of faeces by means of biomarker detection. Environment International 27:
647- 654.
Devane, M.,
Saunders, D. & Gilpin, B. 2006. Faecal sterols and fluorescent whiteners as
indicators of the source of faecal contamination. Chemistry in New Zealand 70(3):
74-77.
Fahl, K.
& Stein, R. 1999. Biomarkers as organic-carbon-source and environmental
indicators in the Late Quaternary Arctic Ocean: problems and perspectives. Marine
Chemistry 63: 293-309.
Fattore,
E., Benfenati, E., Marelli, R., Cools, E. & Fanelli, R. 1996. Sterols in
sediment samples from Venice Lagoon, Italy. Chemosphere 33: 2383-2393.
Froehner,
S., Martins, R.F. & Errera, M.R. 2008. Assessment of fecal sterols n
Barigui River sediments in Curitiba, Brazil. Environmental Monitoring and
Assessment 157: 591-600.
Grimalt, J.O. &
Albaigés, J. 1990. Characterization of the depositional environments of the
Ebro Delta (western Mediterranean) by the study of sedimentary lipid markers. Marine
Geology 95: 207-224.
Hernandez, M.T., Mills,
RA. & Pancost, R. D. 2008. Algal biomarkers in surface waters around the
Crozet plateau. Organic Geochemistry 39: 1051-1057.
Hyun, J.H., Ju, S.J.
& Harvey, H.R. 2002. Fecal contamination associated with local reclamation
activity in the Han River Estuary. Journal of the Korean Society of
Oceanography 37: 1-8.
Jardé, E., Gruau, G.
& Mansuy-Huault, L. 2007. Using sterols to detect pig slurry contribution
to soil organic matter. Water, Air and Soil Pollution 178 : 169-178.
Leeming, R., Ball, A.,
Ashbolt, N. & Nichols, P. 1996. Using faecal sterols from humans and
animals to distinguish faecal pollution in receiving waters. Water Research 30:
2893-2900.
Logan, G.A., Fredericks,
D.J., Smith, C. & Heggie, D.T. 2001. Sources of organic matter in Wallis
Lake. AGSO Research Newsletter 2001: 15-20.
Masni, M.A. & Mudge,
S.M. 2006. Cluster analysis in lipid biomarker studies: A case of Clyde Sea. Sains
Malaysiana 35(2): 41-47.
Mater, L., Alexandre,
M.R., Hansel, F.A. & Madureira, L.A.S. 2004. Assessment of lipid compounds
and phosphorus in mangrove sediments of Santa Catarina Island, SC, Brazil. Journal
of the Brazilian Chemical Society 15(5): 725-734.
Méjanelle, L. &
Laureillard, J. 2008. Lipid biomarker record in surface sediments at three
sites of contrasting productivity in the tropical North Eastern Atlantic. Marine
Chemistry 108: 59-76.
Moon, H.-B., Yoon, S.-P.,
Jung, R.-H. & Choi, M. 2008. Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) as a
source of sediment contamination by toxic organic pollutants and fecal sterols
n a semi-enclosed bay in Korea. Chemosphere 73: 880-889.
Mudge, S.M., Bebianno,
M.J.A.F., East, J.A. & Barreira, L.A. 1999. Sterols in the Ria Formosa
Lagoon, Portugal. Water Research 4: 1038-1048.
Mudge, S.M. & Duce,
C.E. 2005. Identifying the source, transport path and sinks of sewage derived
organic matter. Environmental Pollution 136: 209-220.
Mudge, S.M. & Norris,
C.E. 1997. Lipid biomarkers in the Conwy Estuary (North Wales, U.K.) : a
comparison between fatty alcohols and sterols. Marine Chemistry 57:
61-84.
Mudge, S.M. & Seguel,
C.G. 1999. Organic contamination of San Vicente Bay Chile. Marine Pollution
Bulletin 38: 1011-1021.
Patton, D. & Reeves,
A.D. 1999. Sterol concentrations and temporal variations on the north shore
mudflats of the firth of Tay, Scotland. Marine Pollution Bulletin 38 :
613-618.
Peng, X., Zhang, G., Mai,
B., Hu, J., Li, K. & Wang, Z. 2005. Tracing anthropogenic contamination in
the Pearl River estuarine and marine environment of South China Sea using
sterols and other organic molecular markers. Marine Pollution Bulletin 50:
856-865.
Puglisi, E., Nicelli, M.,
Capri, E., Trevisan, M. & Del Re, A.M. 2003. Cholesterol,
β-sitosterol, ergosterol and coprostanol in agricultural soils. Journal
of Environmental Quality 32: 466-471.
Reeves, A.D. &
Patton, D. 2001. Measuring change in sterol input to estuarine sediments. Physics
and Chemistry of the Earth 26: 753-757.
Reeves, A.D. &
Patton, D. 2005. Faecal sterols as indicators of sewage contamination in
estuarine sediments of the Tay Estuary, Scotland: An extended baseline survey. Hydrology
and Earth System Sciences 9: 81-94.
Santos, E.S., Carreira,
R. de S. & Knoppers, B.A. 2008. Sedimentary sterols as indicators of
environmental conditions in Southeastern Guanabara Bay, Brazil. Brazilian
Journal of Oceanography 56: 97-113.
Seguel, C.G., Mudge, S.M., Salgado, C. &
Toleda, M. 2001. Tracing sewage in the marine environment : Altered signatures
in Concepción Bay, Chile. Water Research 17: 4166-4174.
Shah, V.G., Dunstan,
R.H., Geary, P.M., Coombes, P., Roberts, T.K. & Nagy-Felsobuki, E.V. 2007.
Evaluating potential applications of faecal sterols in distinguishing sources
of faecal contamination from mixed faecal samples. Water Research 41:
3691-3700.
Volkman, J.K., Revill,
A.T., Holdsworth, D.G. & Fredericks, D. 2008. Organic matter sources in an
enclosed coastal inlet 385 assessed using lipid biomarkers and stable isotopes. Organic Geochemistry 39: 689-710.
Vonk, J.E., van Dongen,
B.E. & Gustafsson, Ö. 2008. Lipid biomarker investigation of the origin and
diagenetic state of sub-artic terrestrial organic matter presently exported
into the northern Bothnian Bay. Marine Chemistry 112: 1-10.
Wang, R.L, Brassell,
S.C., Scarpitta, S.C., Zheng, M. P., Zhang, S.sC., Hayde, P.R. & Muench, L.
M. 2004. Steroids in sediments from Zabuye Salt Lake, western Tibet:
diagenetic, ecological or climatic signals?. Organic Geochemistry 35: 157-168.
Zhang, C., Wang, Y. &
Qi, S. 2008. Identification and significance of sterols in MSW landfill
leachate. Journal of Chromatography B. 874: 1-6.
Zimmerman, A.R. &
Canuel, E.A. 2001. Bulk organic matter and lipid biomarker composition of
Chesapeake Bay surficial sediments as indicators of environmental processes. Estuarine,
Coastal and Shelf Science 53: 319-341.
*Pengarang untuk
surat-menyurat; email: masni@ukm.my
|