Sains Malaysiana 40(8)(2011): 865–870

 

 

Amylose and Amylopectin in Selected Malaysian Foods and its Relationship

to Glycemic Index

(Amilosa dan Amilopektin dalam Makanan Malaysia Terpilih dan Kaitannya dengan Indeks Glisemik)

 

S. Nik Shanita*, H. Hasnah & C.W. Khoo

Jabatan Pemakanan dan Dietetik, Fakulti Sains Kesihatan Bersekutu, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia

Jalan Raja Muda Ab. Aziz, 50300 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

 

Diserahkan: 13 Ogos 2009 / Diterima: 7 September 2010

 

 

ABSTRACT

The aim of this study was to determine the nutrient contents and to evaluate the relationship between amylose and amylopectin content to glycemic index of diet commonly eaten by Malaysian. The food samples consisted of nasi lemak, fried rice, fried rice noodle, fried macaroni, sandwich sardine, doughnut, curry puff and roti canai with dhal. Each sample was prepared based on standard recipe (except doughnut, roti canai with dhal and curry puff were bought from 3 different locations) in two different cycles. Moisture, ash, crude protein and crude fat were analyzed using proximate analysis whereas amount of carbohydrate was calculated “by difference”. Total dietary fiber was analyzed using AOAC 991.43. The content of amylose and amylopectin were analyzed using colorimetric method and calculated “by difference”, respectively. Our results showed that doughnut contained the highest carbohydrate (49.49 ± 1.24 g/100 g) while nasi lemak had the lowest carbohydrate (25.04 ± 0.56 g/100 g). Roti canai with dhal had the highest total dietary fiber content (3.89 ± 0.43 g/100 g). The highest amylose content was found in roti canai with dhal (11.75 ± 1.38%) while highest amylopectin content was in nasi lemak (94.19 ± 0.48%). The amylose content of tested samples ranged from 5 to 12%. In conclusion, results showed that there was no significant relationship between the ratio of amylose to amylopectin and glycemic index but negative trend existed which indicated increase in amylose content will lower the glycemic index of a food.

 

Keywords: Amylopectin; amylose; glycemic index

 

ABSTRAK

Tujuan kajian ini dijalankan adalah untuk menentukan kandungan nutrien dan menilai hubungan antara kandungan amilosa dan amilopektin dengan nilai indeks glisemik dalam makanan kegemaran penduduk Malaysia. Sampel makanan terdiri daripada nasi lemak, nasi goreng, bihun goreng, makaroni goreng, sandwic sardin, donut, karipap dan roti canai dengan dhal. Setiap sampel dimasak berdasarkan resipi piawai (kecuali donut, roti canai dengan dhal dan karipap dibeli daripada tiga lokasi berlainan) pada dua kitaran berbeza. Kelembapan, abu, protein kasar dan lemak kasar dinilai melalui analisis proksimat manakala kandungan karbohidrat total dikira secara pembezaan. Gentian diet total ditentukan mengikut AOAC 991.43. Amilosa dan amilopektin pula dinilai masing-masing melalui kaedah kolorimetrik dan kaedah pembezaan. Hasil kajian menunjukkan donut mengandungi karbohidrat total tertinggi (49.49 ± 1.24 g/100 g) manakala nasi lemak mempunyai kandungan karbohidrat total yang terendah iaitu sebanyak 25.04 ± 0.56 g/100 g. Roti canai dengan dhal mempunyai kandungan gentian diet total paling tinggi (3.89 ± 0.43 g/100 g). Kandungan amilosa yang tertinggi ditunjukkan dalam roti canai dengan dhal (11.75 ± 1.38%) manakala untuk kandungan amilopektin tertinggi pula ialah nasi lemak (94.19 ± 0.48%). Julat kandungan amilosa dalam kajian adalah di antara 5 hingga 12%. Kesimpulannya, hasil kajian mendapati tidak terdapat hubungan signifikan di antara nisbah amilosa kepada amilopektin dengan nilai indeks glisemik tetapi tren negatif wujud di mana peningkatan kandungan amilosa menyebabkan penurunan indeks glisemik dalam sesuatu makanan.

 

Kata kunci: Amilopektin; amilosa; indeks glisemik

 

RUJUKAN

 

AOAC. 1995. Official Methods of Analysis. 17th Ed. Washington D.C.: Association of Official Analytical Chemists.

Augustin, L.S., Franceschi, S., Jenkins, D.J.A., Kendall, C.W.C. & La Vecchia, C. 2002. Glycemic index in chronic disease: a review. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 56: 1049-1071.

Barakatun Nisak, M.Y., Ruzita, A.T. & Norimah, A.K. 2005. Glycaemic index of eight types of commercial rice in Malaysia. Malaysia Journal of Nutrition 11(2): 151-163.

Behall, K.M. & Hallfrisch, J. 2002. Plasma glucose and insulin reduction after consumption of breads varying in amilose content. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 56: 913-920.

Behall, K.M. & Howe, J.C. 1995. Effect of long-term consumption of amylose vs amylopectin starch on metabolic parameters in human subjects. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 61: 334-340.

Behall, K.M. & Scholfield, D.J. 2005. Food amylose content affects postprandial glucose and insulin responses. Cereal Chemistry 82: 654-659.

Bennion, M. & Scheule, B. 2000. Introductory Foods. 11th ed. New York: Prentice-Hall.

Chung, H.J., Lim, H.S., & Lim, S.T. 2006. Effect of partial gelatinization and retrogradation on the enzymatic digestion of waxy rice starch. Journal of Cereal Science 43: 353-359.

Eliasson, A.C. & Gudmundsson, M. 1996. Starch: physicochemical and functional aspects. Dlm. Carbohydrates in Food, Eliasson, A.C. (ed.) p. 503. New York: Marcel Dekker.

FAO/WHO. 1998. Carbohydrates in human nutrition: Report of a joint FAO/WHO expert consultation, Rome. 14-18 April 1997. FAO Food and Nutrition Paper 66 Rome: FAO.

Frei, M., Siddhuraju, P. & Becker, K. 2003. Studies on the in vitro starch digestibility and the GI of six different indigenous rice cultivars from the Philipines. Food Chemistry 83: 395-402.

Gagné, L. 2008. The glycemic index and glycemic load in clinical practice. Explore 4: 66-69.

Godet, M.C., Tran, V. & Delagw, M.M. 1993. Molecular modeling of the specific interactions in amylose coplexation by fatty acids. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 15: 11-16.

Hoover, R. & Ratnayake, W.S. 2002. Starch characteristics of black bean, chick pea, lentil, navy bean and pinto bean cultivars. Food Chemistry 78: 489-498.

Hoover, R. & Sosulski, F. 1991. Composition, structure, functionality, and chemical modification of legume starch: a review. Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 69: 79-92.

Hu, P., Zhao, H., Duan, Z., Linlin, Z. & Wu, D. 2004. Starch digestibility and the estimated glycemic score of different types of rice differing in amylose contents. Journal of Cereal Science 40: 231-237.

Jenkins, D.J., Wolever, T.M., Taylor, R.H., Barker, H., Fielden, H., Baldwin, J.M., Bowling, A.C., Newman, H.C., Jenkins, A.L. & Goff, D.V. 1981. Glycemic index of foods: A physiological basis for carbohydrate exchange. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 34: 362-366.

Juan, G., Luis, A. & David, B. 2006. Isolation and molecular characterization of Makal (Xanthosoma yucatanensis) starch. Starch 58: 300-307.

Juliano, B.O. 1992. Structure chemistry and function of the rice grain and its fraction. Cereal Foods World 37: 772-774.

Juliano, B.O., Perez, C.M. & Blakeney, A.B. 1981. International Cooperative testing on the amylose content of milled rice. Starch 33(5): 157-162.

Kirwan, J.P., O’Gorman, D.J. & Cyr-Campbell, D. 2001. Effects of a moderate glycemic meal on exercise duration and substrate utilization. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 33: 1517-1523.

Krokida, M.K., Oreopoulou, V. & Maroulis, Z.B. 2000. Water loss and oil uptake as a function of frying time. Journal of Food Engineering 44: 39-46.

Kwas´niewska-Karolak, I., Nebesny, E. & Rosicka-Kaczmarek, J. 2008. Characterization of Amylose-lipid Complexes Derived from Different Wheat Varieties and their Susceptibility to Enzymatic Hydrolysis. Food Science and Technology International 14(1): 29-37.

McGrance, S.J., Cornell, H.J. & Rix, C.J. 1998. A simple and rapid colorimetric method for the determination of amylose in starch products. Starch 50: 158-163.

McWilliams, M. 2001. Foods: Experimental Perspectives. 4th ed. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall.

Mohana, K., Asna, U. & Prasad, N.N. 2007. Effect of storage on resistant starch and amylose content of cereal-pulse based ready-to-eat commercial products. Food Chemistry 102: 1425-1430.

NCCFN. 2005. Recommended nutrient intakes for Malaysia. A report of the technical working group on nutritional guidelines. National Coordinating Committee on Food and Nutrition. Putrajaya: Ministry of Health.

Nik Shanita, S. 2005. Pembangunan dan penentuan indeks glisemik serta jenis karbohidrat makanan pilihan atlet ketahanan tinggi. Tesis Dr. Falsafah. Jabatan Pemakanan & Dietetik, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia. (Unpublished)

Nuttall, F.Q. 1993. Perspective in diabetes. Dietary fiber in the management of diabetes. Diabetes 42: 503-508.

Radhika, G.S., Shanavas, S. & Moorthy, S.N. 2008. Influence of Lipids Isolated from Soybean Seed on Different Properties of Cassava Starch. Starch 60: 485-492.

Riccardi, G. & Rivellese, A.A. 1991. Effect of dietary fibre and carbohydrate on glucose and lipoprotein metabolim in diabetic patients. Diabetes Care 14: 1115-1125.

Southgate, D.A.T. 1991. Determination of food carbohydrates. London: Elsevier Science Publishers.

Vosloo, M.C. 2005. Some factors affecting the digestion of glycaemic carbohydrates and the blood glucose response. Journal of Family Ecology and Consumer Sciences 33: 1-9.

Yotsawimonwat, S., Sriroth, K., Kaewvichit, S., Piyachomkwan, K., Jane, J.L. & Sirithunyalug, J. 2008. Effect of pH on complex formation between debranched waxy rice starch and fatty acids. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 43: 94-99.

Young, A.H. 1984. Fractionation of starch. In Starch: Chemistry and Technology, Whistle, R.L., BeMiller, J.N. & Paschall, E.F. (ed.) p. 249. Orlando: Academic Press.

 

 

*Pengarang untuk surat-menyurat; e-mail: nikss@fskb.ukm.my

 

 

sebelumnya