Sains
Malaysiana 41(12)(2012): 1535–1542
In
vitro and in vivo Anti-plasmodial Activities of Gynura
procumbens
(Kajian in vitro dan in
vivo Aktiviti Anti-plasmodium Gynura procumbens)
Visalini
Vejanan1, Jalifah Latip2, Lee Ping Chin3, Noor
Embi1 & Hasidah Mohd Sidek1,*
1School of Biosciences
and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology
Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi
Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
3School
of Science and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Sabah,
88999
Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
2School
of Chemical Sciences and Food Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology
Universiti
Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
Diserahkan:
13 Jun 2012 / Diterima: 6 Ogos 2012
ABSTRACT
Gynura procumbens, locally known in Malaysia as Sambung Nyawa is a medicinal plant
belonging to the Asteraceae (Compositae) family. G. procumbens have
been traditionally used by the local and indigenous populations to treat an
array of ailments ranging from skin conditions and fever to kidney disease,
inflammation and diabetes. In the present investigation, aqueous and ethanol
extracts of G. procumbens were evaluated for anti-plasmodial activities in vitro and in vivo. Survival of
two chloroquine-sensitive strains of malarial parasites; rodent Plasmodium
berghei NK65 and human Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 was determined
following incubations in vitro with extracts. Based on parasite lactate
dehydrogenase (pLDH) assay, both extracts were shown
to inhibit parasite proliferation to varying degrees. The aqueous extract was
more potent than the ethanol extract at suppressing growth of both parasites in
vitro; each displaying IC50 values of 12.40 ± 6.02 and
14.38 ± 7.53 μg/mL towards P. berghei NK65; and 25.69 ± 4.34 and
42.23 ± 7.19 μg/mL towards P. falciparum 3D7, respectively. The
aqueous extract was found to be selective for P. falciparum (Selectivity
Index 64.30). Four-day suppressive tests in ICR mice
showed dose-dependent chemo-suppressive activities of both plant extracts
tested towards P. berghei NK65. Daily intra-peritoneal injections of the
aqueous extract of G. procumbens at 25, 50 or 100 mg/kg for four
consecutive days showed chemo-suppression of 50.42 ± 3.17, 65.95 ± 5.48 and
81.92 ± 3.07%, respectively. At the same dosages, the ethanol plant extract
resulted in 44.97 ± 3.44, 55.21 ± 3.87 and 64.44 ± 4.05% chemo-suppression
respectively. At 250 mg/kg/day, only the aqueous plant extract gave >90%
chemo-suppression (93.06 ± 5.46%). Treatment of P. berghei-infected mice
with extracts improved the median survival time compared to non-treated
infected mice. This represents the first report showing anti-plasmodial
activity of G. procumbens.
Keywords: Anti-plasmodial; Asteraceae; Gynura procumbens; in vitro; in
vivo
ABSTRAK
Gynura procumbens, yang lebih dikenali di Malaysia sebagai
pokok Sambung Nyawa, merupakan
tumbuhan ubatan daripada famili Asteraceae (Compositae). G.
procumbens digunakan secara tradisional oleh penduduk tempatan termasuk
Orang Asli untuk merawat jurang penyakit yang luas iaitu daripada penyakit
kulit dan demam ke penyakit ginjal, inflamasi dan diabetes. Dalam kajian ini,
ekstrak akueus dan etanol G. procumbens dinilai untuk aktiviti
anti-plasmodium secara in vitro dan in vivo. Kemandirian dua strain parasit malaria
sensitif-klorokuin iaitu strain roden Plasmodium berghei NK65 dan strain
manusia Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 ditentukan selepas eraman in vitro bersama ekstrak. Berdasarkan pengasaian laktat dehidrogenase plasmodium (pLDH),
kedua-dua ekstrak didapati merencat proliferasi parasit dengan perkadaran
berbeza. Ekstrak akueus mempamerkan potensi perencatan parasitemia in vitro lebih baik berbanding dengan
ekstrak etanol; setiap satu mempamerkan nilai IC50 12.40
± 6.02 dan 14.38 ± 7.53 μg/mL terhadap P. berghei NK65; dan
25.69 ± 4.34 dan 42.23 ± 7.19 μg/mL terhadap P. falciparum 3D7.
Ekstrak akueus didapati bersifat memilih terhadap P. falciparum (Indeks
Pemilihan 64.30). Ujian kemo-penekanan empat hari dalam mencit ICR menunjukkan
aktiviti kemo-penekanan terhadap P. berghei NK65 yang berkadaran dos
bagi kedua-dua ekstrak tumbuhan yang diuji. Penyuntikan ekstrak akueus G.
procumbens secara intra-peritonium selama empat hari berturut-turut ke atas
mencit terinfeksi-P. berghei NK65 pada dos 25, 50 dan 100 mg/kg/hari
masing-masing menunjukkan kemo-penekanan 50.42 ± 3.17, 65.95 ± 5.48 dan 81.92 ±
3.07%. Pada dos yang sama, ekstrak etanol masing-masing menyebabkan
kemo-penekanan 44.97 ± 3.44, 55.21 ± 3.87 dan 64.44 ± 4.05%. Pada dos 250
mg/kg/hari, hanya ekstrak akueus memberi kemo-penekanan >90% (93.06 ±
5.46%). Perlakuan ekstrak akueus kepada mencit terinfeksi-P. berghei juga
mampu meningkatkan median tempoh kemandirian mencit berbanding mencit
terinfeksi tanpa perlakuan ekstrak. Penemuan ini merupakan laporan pertama
mengenai aktiviti anti-plasmodium G. procumbens.
Kata kunci: Anti-plasmodium; Asteraceae; Gynura procumbens; in vivo; in vitro
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*Pengarang
untuk surat-menyurat; email: hasidah@ukm.my