Sains
Malaysiana 41(4)(2012): 465-470
Surface Morphology and Crystallinity of
Metal Oxides in Nickel-Cobalt Binary System
(Morfologi
Permukaan dan Kehabluran Oksida Logam dalam Sistem Biner Nikel-Kobalt)
Sook-Keng
Chang1, Zulkarnain Zainal*, Kar-Ban Tan & Nor Azah Yusof
Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia
43400
UPM Serdang, Selangor D.E., Malaysia
Zulkarnain Zainal*
Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology Laboratory
Institute of Advanced Technology
Universiti Putra Malaysia
43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor D.E., Malaysia
Wan
Mohamad Daud Wan Yusoff
Department
of Physics, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia
43400
UPM Serdang, Selangor D.E., Malaysia
S.R.S.
Prabaharan
Department
of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Faculty of Engineering
The
University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus, Jalan Broga, 43500 Semenyih,
Selangor.
D.E., Malaysia
Diserahkan:
5 Ogos 2011 / Diterima: 9 November 2011
ABSTRACT
The
effect of composition on nickel cobaltites prepared by co-precipitation was
investigated. Various compositions were synthesised under different heat
treatment conditions. The formation mechanism, lattice parameter and
crystallite size were determined by various techniques. X-ray diffraction (XRD)
analysis revealed that the optimum condition for the formation of single phase
nickel-cobalt oxide (NiCo2O4) can be obtained from solution containing Ni: Co
ratio of 33.3 mol%: 66.7 mol% with heat treatment at 400°C. The presence of
pure phase NiCo2O4 with the particle size of approximately 34.10
nm
was also observed in field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). The
crystallinity of the synthesized oxides was improved with the increment of Ni
content.
Keywords:
Composition; co-precipitation; nanosized; nickel-cobalt oxide; phase formation
ABSTRAK
Kesan
komposisi ke atas nikel kobaltit yang disediakan melalui ko-pemendakan telah
dikaji. Pelbagai komposisi telah disintesis pada keadaan pemanasan yang
berlainan. Mekanisme pembentukan, parameter kekisi dan saiz hablur telah ditentukan
dengan pelbagai teknik. Berdasarkan analisis pembelauan sinar-X (XRD), keadaan
optimum pembentukan fasa tunggal nikel-kobalt oksida (NiCo2O4)
boleh diperoleh daripada larutan yang mengandungi Ni: Co pada nisbah 33.3 mol%:
66.7 mol% pada suhu pemanasan 400°C. Kehadiran fasa tulen NiCo2O4 dengan saiz zarah lebih kurang 34.10 nm dapat diperhatikan melalui mikroskop
elektron imbasan pancaran medan (FESEM). Kehabluran oksida yang
disintesis
meningkat dengan penambahan kandungan Ni.
Kata
kunci: Komposisi; ko-pemendakan; pembentukan fasa; nikel-kobalt oksida; saiz
nano
RUJUKAN
Ahmad,
J., Awan, M.Q., Mazhar, M.E. & Ashiq, M.N.2011. Effect of substitution of
Co2+ ions on the
structural
and electrical properties of nanosized magnesium aluminate. Physica B 406:
254-258.
Bahlawane,
N., Premkumar, P.A., Feldmann, J. & Kohse-Hinghaus, K. 2007. Preparation of
doped spinel
cobalt
oxide thin films and evaluation of their thermal stability. Chemical Vapor
Deposition 13: 118-122.
Bo,
C., Li, J.-B., Han, Y.-S. & Dai, J.-H. 2004. Effect of precipitant on
preparation of Ni-Co spinel oxide by coprecipitation method. Materials
Letters 58: 1415- 1418.
Brito,
P.C.A., Santos, D.A.A., Duque, J.G.S. & Macêdo, M.A. 2010. Structural and
magnetic study of Fe-dopedCeO2. Physica B 405: 1821-1825.
Chang,
J.-K., Lee, M.-T., Cheng, C.-W., Tsai, W.-T., Deng, M.-J. & Sun, I.-W.
2009. Evaluation of ionic liquid electrolytes for use in manganese oxide super capacitors. Electrochemical and Solid-State Letters 12(1): A19-A22.
Chen,
Y.-S. & Hu, C.-C. 2003. Capacitive characteristics of binary manganese-nickel
oxides prepared by anodic deposition. Electrochemical and Solid-State
Letters 6(10): A210-A213.
Cheng,
J., Cao, G.-P. & Yang, Y.-S. 2006. Characterization of sol–gel-derived NiOx xerogels as super capacitors. Journal of Power Sources 159: 734-741.
De
Faria, L.A., Prestat, M., Koenig, J.-F., Chartier, P. & Trasatti, S. 1998.
Surface properties of Ni + Co mixed oxides: a study by X-rays, XPS, BET and
PZC.Electrochimica Acta 44: 1481-1489.
Durán,
P., Tartaj, J., Rubio, F., Moure, C. & Peña, O.M. 2005. Synthesis and
sintering behavior of spinel-typeCoxNiMn2-xO4 (0.2 ≤ x ≤ 1.2) prepared by the ethylene glycol-metal
nitrate polymerized complex process. Ceramics International 31: 599-610.
Duque,
J.G.S., Souza, E.A., Meneses, C.T. & Kubota, L. 2007. Magnetic properties
of NiFe2O4 nanoparticles produced by a new chemical
method. Physica B 398: 287-290.
Hakim,
M.A., Haque, M.M., Huq, M. & Nordblad, P. 2011. Spin-glass-like ordering in
the spinel ZnFe2O4 ferrite. Physica B 406: 48-51.
Kambale,
R.C., Shaikh, P.A., Kamble, S.S & Kolekar, Y.D. 2009. Effect of cobalt
substitution on structural, magnetic and electric properties of nickel ferrite. Journal of Alloys and Compounds 478: 599-603.
Karolus,
M. & Łagiewka, E. 2004. Crystallite size and lattice strain in
nanocrystalline Ni-Mo alloys studied by Rietveld refinement. Journal of
Alloys and Compounds 367: 235-238.
Karthikeyan,
K., Kalpana, D. & Renganathan, N.G. 2009. Synthesis and characterization of
ZnCo2O4 nanomaterial for symmetric supercapacitor applications. Ionics 15: 107-110.
Klissurski,
D. & Uzunova, E. 1994. Review synthesis and features of binary cobaltite
spinels. Journal of
Materials Science 29: 285-293.
Lapham,
D.P. & Tseung, A.C.C. 2004. The effect of firing temperature, preparation
technique and composition on the electrical properties of the nickel cobalt
series NixCo1-xOy. Journal of Materials Science 39:
251-264.
Lavčević,
M.L. & Turković, A. 2002. The measurements of particle/crystallite
size in nano structured TiO2 films by SAXS/WAXD method. Scripta
Materialia 46: 501-505.
Liu,
X.-M., Fu, S.-Y., Xiao, H.-M. & Huang, C.-J. 2005. Synthesis of
nanocrystalline spinel CoFe2O4 via a polymer-pyrolysis route. Physica B 370:
14-21.
Mathe,
V.L. & Sheikh, A.D. 2010. Magnetostrictive properties of nanocrystalline
Co-Ni ferrites. Physica
B 405:
3594-3598.
Nayak,
P.K. & Munichandraiah, N. 2009. Simultaneous electrodeposition of MnO2 and
Mn(OH)2 for supercapacitor studies. Electrochemical and Solid-State Letters 12(6):
A115-A119.
Owings,
R.R., Exarhos, G.J., Windisch, C.F., Holloway, P.H. & Wen, J.G. 2005.
Process enhanced polaron conductivity of infrared transparent nickel-cobalt oxide. Thin Solid Films 483: 175-184.
Peña,
O., Ma, Y., Barahona, P., Bahout, M., Durán, P., Moure, C., Baibich, M.N. &
Martinez, G. 2005.
Magnetic
properties of NiMn2-xCoxO4 spinel oxides. Journal of the
European Ceramic Society 25:3051-3054.
Peshev,
P., Toshev, A. & Gyurov, G. 1989. Preparation of high-dispersity MCo2O4 (M
= Mg, Ni, Zn) spinels by thermal dissociation of coprecipitated oxalates. Materials
Research Bulletin 24: 33-40.
Rao,
C.N.R. & Raveau, B. 1998. Transition Metal Oxides: Structure,
Properties, and Synthesis of Ceramic Oxides. 2nd ed. New York: John Wiley
and Sons, Inc.
Roginskaya,
Y.E., Morozova, O.V., Lubnin, E.N., Ulitina, Y.E., Lopukhova, G.V. &
Trasatti, S. 1997.
Characterization
of bulk and surface composition of CoxNi1-xOy mixed oxides
for electrocatalysis. Langmuir 13: 4621-4627.
Song,
F., Huang, L., Chen, D. & Tang, W. 2008. Preparation and characterization
of nanosized Zn-Co spinel oxide by solid state reaction method. Materials
Letters 62: 543-547.
Swathi,
T. & Buvaneswari, G. 2008. Application of NiCo2O4 as
a catalyst in the conversion of p-nitrophenol to p-aminophenol. Materials
Letters 62: 3900-3902.
Tareen,
J.A.K., Małecki, A., Doumerc, J.P., Launay, J.C., Dordor, P., Pouchard, M.
& Hagenmuller, P. 1984. Growth and electrical properties of pure and
Ni-doped Co3O4 single crystals. Materials Research
Bulletin 19: 989-997.
Tharayil,
N.J., Sagar, S., Raveendran, R. & Vaidyan, A.V. 2007. Dielectric studies of
nanocrystalline nickel cobalt oxide. Physica B 399: 1-8.
Wang,
W., Liu, X., Gao, F. & Tian, C. 2007. Synthesis of nanocrystalline
Ni1Co0.2Mn1.8O4 powders for NTC thermistor by a gel auto-combustion process. Ceramics
International 33: 459-462.
Wei,
X. & Chen, D. 2006. Synthesis and characterization of nanosized zinc
aluminate spinel by sol-gel technique. Materials Letters 60: 823-827.
Wei,
X., Chen, D. & Tang, W. 2007. Preparation and characterization of the
spinel oxide ZnCo2O4 obtained by sol-gel method. Materials Chemistry and
Physics 103: 54-58.
Yuan,
A.-B., Zhou, M., Wang, X.-L., Sun, Z.-H. & Wang, Y.-Q. 2008. Synthesis and
characterization of nanostructured manganese dioxide used as positive electrode
material for electrochemical capacitor with lithium hydroxide electrolyte. Chinese
Journal of Chemistry 26: 65-69.
Ziemniak,
S.E., Anovitz, L.M., Castelli, R.A. & Porter, W.D. 2007. Magnetic
contribution to heat capacity and entropy of nickel ferrite (NiFe2O4). Journal
of Physics and Chemistry of Solids 68: 10-21.
*Pengarang
untuk surat-menyurat; email: zulkar@science.upm.edu.my
|