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Glutamatergic Transmission in the Avian Brain: Model for Human Excitotoxicity
(Penghantaran Glutamatergik dalam Otak Burung: Model bagi Kajian Gangguan Eksitotoksisiti Manusia) M.R. ISLAM1, Y. ATOJI2& J.M. ABDULLAH1* 1Department
of Neurosciences, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia 2Laboratory
of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences Received: 14 June 2012 /Accepted: 17 March 2013
Diserahkan: 14 Jun 2012 /Diterima: 17 Mac 2013
ABSTRACT
Glutamatergic dysfunction has been suggested as a possible
substrate of the pathophysiology of many neurodegenerative diseases,
specifically since glutamatergic transmission is severely altered by the early
degeneration of cortico-cortical connections and hippocampal projections in
Alzheimer’s disease, schizophrenia and Huntington’s disease in humans. Of the
multiple genes, vesicular glutamate transporters, glutamate receptors and
excitatory amino acid transporters have a significant role in glutamatergic
transmissions. The regional differences of glutamatergic neurons and glutamate
receptor neurons suggest many glutamatergic projections in the avian brain.
Glutamatergic target areas are expected to show high activity of glutamate
transporters that remove the released glutamate from the synaptic clefts. The
distribution of the glutamate-related genes indicates that many glutamatergic
transmissions exist in the avian brain. This review provide insights of
glutamatergic circuits in birds particularly in the pallial organization of
glutamatergic neurons and connection with the striatum and hippocampal-septal
pathway and comparison with those of mammalian brain which are responsible for
Alzheimer’s disease, schizophrenia and Huntington’s disease in humans.
Keywords: Central nervous system, glutamate receptors, mRNA expression,
neurons, vesicular glutamate transporters
ABSTRAK
Disfungsi Glutamatergik
telah dicadangkan sebagai substrat patofisiologi yang mungkin untuk penyakit
neurodegeneratif, khususnya kerana penghantaran glutamatergik banyak diubah
oleh degenerasi awal sambungan kortikal kortiko dan unjuran hipokampal dalam
penyakit Alzheimer, skizofrenia dan penyakit Huntington pada manusia. Daripada
pelbagai gen yang ada, pembawa glutamat vesikular, reseptor glutamat dan
pembawa asid amino berangsang mempunyai peranan penting dalam transmisi
glutamatergik. Perbezaan serantau neuron glutamatergik dan neuron reseptor
glutamat mencadangkan terdapat banyak unjuran glutamatergik wujud di dalam otak
burung. Kawasan sasaran Glutamatergik dijangka menunjukkan aktiviti
pengangkutan glutamat yang tinggi bagi membuang glutamat yang dikeluarkan dari
celahan sinaptik. Taburan gen yang berkaitan glutamat menunjukkan bahawa banyak
penghantaran glutamatergik wujud di dalam otak burung. Ulasan ini menyediakan
gambaran tentang litar glutamatergik dalam burung terutamanya dalam organisasi
palial neuron glutamatergik dan perkaitan dengan striatum dan laluan septal
hipokampal serta perbandingan dengan otak mamalia yang bertanggungjawab bagi
penyakit Alzheimer, skizofrenia dan penyakit Huntington pada manusia.
Kata kunci: Neuron; pembawa
glutamat vesikular; reseptor glutamat; sistem saraf pusat; ungkapan mRNA
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*Pengarang untuk surat-menyurat: email: brainsciences@gmail.com
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