 |
 |
 |
 |
 |
 |
Sains Malaysiana 42(8)(2013): 1041–1050
Above Ground Biomass-carbon Partitioning, Storage and Sequestration in a Rehabilitated Forest, Bintulu, Sarawak,
Malaysia (Pembahagian, Takungan, Sekuestrasi
Biojisim-karbon Atas Tanah di Hutan Terpulih, Bintulu, Sarawak, Malaysia)
J.H.R. Kueh1 1 P.O. Box 396, 97008 Bintulu
Sarawak, Malaysia 2 Diserahkan: 10 Februari
2012 /Diterima: 27 Mac 2013 ABSTRACT Forest degradation and deforestation
are some of the major global concerns as it can reduce forest carbon
storage and sequestration capacity. Forest rehabilitation on degraded
forest areas has the potential to improve carbon stock, hence mitigate
greenhouse gases emission. However, the carbon storage and sequestration
potential in a rehabilitated tropical forest remains unclear due
to the lack of information. This paper reports an initiative to
estimate biomass-carbon partitioning, storage and sequestration
in a rehabilitated forest. The study site was at the UPM-Mitsubishi Corporation Forest
Rehabilitation Project, UPM Bintulu
Sarawak Campus, Bintulu, Sarawak. A plot of 20 × 20 m2 was established each in site 1991
(Plot 1991), 1999 (Plot 1999) and 2008 (Plot 2008). An adjacent
natural regenerating secondary forest plot (Plot NF)
was also established for comparison purposes. The results showed
that the contribution of tree component biomass/carbon to total
biomass/carbon was in the order of main stem > branch > leaf.
As most of the trees were concentrated in diameter size class ≤
10 cm for younger rehabilitated forests, the total above ground
biomass/carbon was from this class. These observations suggest that
the forests are in the early successional stage. The total above
ground biomass obtained for the rehabilitated forest ranged from
4.3 to 4,192.3 kg compared to natural regenerating secondary forest
of 3,942.3 kg while total above ground carbon ranged from 1.9 to
1,927.9 kg and 1,820.4 kg, respectively. The mean total above ground
biomass accumulated ranged from 1.3 × 10-2 to 20.5 kg/0.04 ha and mean total
carbon storage ranged from 5.9 × 10-3
to 9.4 kg/0.04 ha. The total CO2 sequestrated in rehabilitated forest
ranged from 6.9 to 7,069.1 kg CO2/0.04
ha. After 19 years, the rehabilitated forest had total above ground
biomass and carbon storage comparable to the natural regeneration
secondary forest. The rehabilitated forest activities have the potential
to increase carbon stock through tree planting. Therefore, forest
rehabilitation has shown the potential role as a carbon sink that
helps to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases and mitigate climate
change. Keywords: Biomass partitioning; carbon
sequestration; forest biomass; forest carbon; natural regenerating
secondary forest; rehabilitated forest ABSTRAK Degradasi dan kehilangan hutan adalah
antara keprihatian global yang utama kerana ia boleh mengurangkan
takungan dan kapasiti sekuestrasi karbon hutan. Pemulihan hutan
di kawasan hutan yang telah terdegradasi mempunyai potensi untuk
meningkatkan stok karbon, maka ia boleh mengurangkan pelepasan gas
rumah hijau. Walau bagaimanapun, takungan dan potensi sekuestrasi
karbon di hutan tropika terpulih adalah kurang jelas kerana kekurangan
maklumat. Kertas ini melaporkan satu inisiatif untuk membuat anggaran
pembahagian, takungan dan sekuestrasi biojisim-karbon di hutan terpulih.
Tapak kajian adalah di Projek Pemulihan Hutan UPM-Mitsubishi
Corporation, UPM Kampus Bintulu Sarawak,
Bintulu, Sarawak. Plot bersaiz 20 × 20 m2 telah ditubuhkan setiap satu di
tapak 1991 (Plot 1991), 1999 (Plot 1999) dan 2008 (Plot 2008). Satu
plot di hutan sekunder berregenerasi secara semula jadi yang bersebelahan
(Plot NF) ditubuhkan untuk tujuan perbandingan.
Keputusan menunjukkan sumbangan biojisim/karbon di komponen pokok
kepada jumlah biojisim/karbon dalam susunan batang utama > dahan
> daun. Kebanyakan pokok tertumpu di saiz kelas diameter ≤
10 cm untuk hutan terpulih yang muda, maka jumlah biojisim/karbon
atas tanah adalah daripada kelas tersebut. Pemerhatian tersebut
mencadangkan hutan tersebut adalah pada peringkat awal sesaran.
Jumlah biojisim atas tanah untuk hutan terpulih berjulat daripada
4.3 ke 4,192.3 kg berbanding dengan hutan sekunder beregenerasi
secara semula jadi dengan 3,942.3 kg manakala jumlah karbon atas
tanah, masing-masing berjulat daripada 1.9 ke 1,927.9 kg dan 1,820.4
kg. Min jumlah pengumpulan biojisim atas tanah berjulat daripada
1.3 × 10-2
ke 20.5 kg/0.04 ha dan jumlah takungan karbon berjulat
daripada 5.9 × 10-3 ke 9.4 kg/0.04 ha. Jumlah
sekuestrasi CO2 di hutan terpulih berjulat daripada
6.9 ke 7,069.1 kg CO2/0.04
ha. Selepas 19 tahun, hutan tropika terpulih mempunyai jumlah takungan
biojisim dan karbon atas tanah yang setara dengan hutan sekunder
beregenerasi secara semulajadi. Aktiviti pemulihan hutan menunjukkan
potensi untuk meningkatkan stok karbon melalui penamanan pokok.
Oleh yang demikian, hutan terpulih menunjukkan potensi dalam berperanan
sebagai kawasan tadahan karbon yang boleh membantu dalam mengurangkan
pelepasan gas rumah hijau dan mengurangkan perubahan iklim. Kata
kunci: Biojisim hutan; hutan sekunder beregenerasi secara semula
jadi; hutan terpulih; karbon hutan; pembahagian biojisim; sekuestrasi
karbon RUJUKAN Bastien-Henria,
S., Parkb, A., Ashton, M. & Messiera, C. 2010. Biomass distribution
among tropical tree species grown under differing regional climates.
Forest Ecology and Management 260: 403-410. Brown, S. &
Lugo, A.E. 1990. Tropical secondary forest. Journal of Tropical
Ecology 6: 1-32. Brown, S. 2002.
Measuring carbon in forests: Current status and future challenges.
Environmental Pollution 116: 363-372. CBD (Secretariat
of the Convention on Biological Diversity) 2011. REDD-Plus and
Biodiversity. CBD Technical Series No. 59. Canada: Secretariat
for the Convention on Biological Diversity. Elizabeth,
P. & Norini, H. 2010. REDD and greenhouse gas accounting. In
Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation:
The Perspective of Malaysia edited by Shahruddin, M.I., Joy,
J.P. & Tan, C.T. Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi: Institute
for Environment and Development. pp. 25-30. FAO (Food and
Agriculture Organization of the United Nations) 2010. Global
Forest Resources Assessment 2010. FAO Forestry Paper 163. Rome:
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Fang, S., Xue,
J. & Tang, L. 2007. Biomass production and carbon sequestration
potential in poplar plantations with different management patterns.
Journal of Environmental Management 85: 672-679. Gorte, R.W.
2009. Carbon Sequestration in Forests. Congressional Research
Service. US: CRS Report for Congress. Houghton, R.A.
2005. Aboveground forest biomass and the global carbon balance.
Global Change Biology 11: 945-958. Houghton, R.A.,
Lawrence, K.T., Hackler, J.L. & Brown, S. 2001. The spatial
distribution of forest biomass in the Brazilian Amazon: A comparison
of estimates. Global Change Biology 7: 731-746. IUCN (International
Union for Conservation of Nature). 2009. REDD-Plus: Scope and
Options for the Role of Forests in Climate Change Mitigation Strategies.
Washington: IUCN. Kauffman, J.B.,
Hughes, R.F. & Heider, C. 2009. Carbon pool and biomass dynamics
associated with deforestation, land use and agricultural abandonment
in the neotropics. Ecological Applications 19: 1211-1222.
Kendawang,
J.J., Ninomiya, I., Kenzo, T., Ozawa, T., Hattori, D., Tanaka, S.
& Sakurai, K. 2007. Effects of burning strength in shifting
cultivation on the early stage of secondary succession in Sarawak,
Malaysia. Tropics 16: 309-32. Kenzo, T.,
Furutani, R., Hattori, D., Kendawang, J.J., Tanaka, S., Sakurai,
K. & Ninomiya, I. 2009a. Allometric equations for accurate estimation
of above-ground biomass in logged-over tropical rainforests in Sarawak,
Malaysia. Journal of Forest Research 14: 365-372. Kenzo, T.,
Ichie, T., Hattori, D., Itioka, T., Handa, C., Ohkubo, T., Kendawang,
J.J., Nakamura, M., Sakaguchi, M., Takahashi, N., Okamoto, M., Tanaka-Oda,
A., Sakurai, K. & Ninomiya, I. 2009b. Development of allometric
relationships for accurate estimation of above- and below-ground
biomass in tropical secondary forests in Sarawak, Malaysia. Journal
of Tropical Ecology 25: 371-386. Kenzo,
T., Ichie, T., Hattori, D., Kendawang, J.J., Sakurai, K. & Ninomiya,
I. 2010. Changes in above- and belowground biomass in early successional
tropical secondary forests after shifting cultivation in Sarawak,
Malaysia. Forest Ecology and Management 260: 875-882. Kettle, C.J.
2010. Ecological considerations for using dipterocarps for restoration
of lowland rainforest in Southeast Asia. Biodiversity Conservation
19: 1137-1151. King, D.A.
1986. Tree form, height growth, and susceptibility to wind damage
in Acer saccharum. Ecology 67: 980–990. Kueh, J.H.R.,
Abd. Majid, N.M., Gandaseca, S., Ahmed, O.H., Jemat, S. & Ku,
K.K.M. 2011a. Forest structure assessment of a rehabilitated forest.
American Journal of Agricultural and Biological Sciences 6(2):
256-260. Kueh, J.H.R.,
Abd. Majid, N.M., Gandaseca, S., Ahmed, O.H., Jemat, S. & Ku,
K.K.M. 2011b. Total aboveground biomass of selected age stand of
a rehabilitated forest. In Proceedings of International Symposium
on Rehabilitation of Tropical Rainforest Ecosystems 2011, 24-25
October, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, edited by Majid, N.M., Ahmed,
O.H., Sajap, A.S. & Islam, M.M. Selangor: Faculty of Forestry,
Universiti Putra Malaysia Press. pp 53-58. Lal, R. &
Augustin, B. 2012. Carbon Sequestration in Urban Ecosystems.
New York: Springer. Lim, M.T. 1986.
Biomass and productivity of 4.5 year-old Acacia mangium in
Sarawak. Pertanika 9(1): 81-87. Litton, C.M.,
Ryan, G.M. & Knight, D.H. 2004. Effects of tree density and
stand age on carbon allocation patterns in Postfire Lodgepole Pine.
Ecological Applications 14(2): 460-475. Malhi, Y.R.,
Aragao, L.I.E.O.C., Metcalfe, D.B., Paiva, R., Quesada, C.A., Almeida,
S., Anderson, L., Brandok, P., Chambers, J.Q., Costa, A.C.L., Hutyra,
L.R., Oliveira, P., Patino, S., Pyle, E.H., Robertson, A.L. &
Teixeira, L.M. 2009. Comprehensive assessment of carbon productivity,
allocation and storage in three Amazonian forests. Global Change
Biology: 1-19. Miyawaki, A.
1999. Creative ecology: Restoration of native forests by native
trees. Plant Biotechnology 16(1): 15-25. Montagu, K.D.,
Duttmer, K., Barton, C.V.M. & Cowie, A.L. 2005. Developing general
allometric relationship for regional estimates of carbon sequestration-an
example using Eucalyptyus polularis from seven contrasting
sites. Forest Ecology and Management 204: 113-127. Munoz, F.,
Rubilar, R., Espinosa, M., Cancino, J., Toro, J. & Herrera,
M. 2008. The effect of pruning and thinning on above ground aerial
biomass of Eucalyptus nitens (Deane & Maiden) Maiden.
Forest Ecology and Management 255: 365-373. Netto, A. 2009.
Climate Change: Copenhagen Talks Create Hardly a Ripple in Malaysia.
IPS-Inter Press Service. Retrieved 13 July 2011 from http://ipsnews.net/news.
asp?idnews=49744. Niklas, K.J.
1993. The scaling of plant height: A comparison among major plant
cades and anatomical grades. Annals of Botany 72: 165-172.
Niklas, K.J.
1994. The allometrics of critical buckling height and actual plant
height. American Journal of Botany 81: 345-351. Nirmal Kumar,
J.I., Sajish, P.R., Kumar, R.N. & Patel, K. 2011. Biomass and
net primary productivity in three different aged Butea forest ecosystems
in Western India, Rajasthan. Iranica Journal of Energy and Environment
2(1): 01-07. NRE
(Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment) 2009. Dato’
Sri Mohd Najib Bin Tun Haji Abdul Razak’s Speech at U.N. Climate
Change Conference 2009 - 15th Conference Of Parties (COP 15).
Retrieved 4 September, 2011 from http://www.nre.gov.my/BlogUcapanNRE/Lists/Posts/Post.
aspx?ID=63. Sabatia, C.O., Will, R.E. & Lynch, T.B. 2010. Effect of
thinning on partitioning of aboveground biomass in naturally regenerated
shortleaf pine (Pinus Echinata Mill.). In Proceedings
of the 14th Biennial Southern Silvicultural Research Conference
edited by Stanturf, J.A. General Technical Report. Srs-121.
Asheville: U.S. Department Of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern
Research Station. pp. 577-578. Schumacher, B.A. 2002.
Methods for the Determination of Total Organic Carbon (TOC) in
Soils and Sediments. Las Vegas: U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency. Sheriff, D.W. 1996. Responses
of carbon gain and growth of Pinus radiata stands to thinning
and fertilizing. Tree Physiology 16: 527-536. Silver, W.L., Ostertag,
R. & Lugo, A.E. 2000. The potential for carbon sequestration
through reforestation of abandoned tropical agricultural and pasture
lands. Restorative Ecology 8: 394-407. Sohngen, B. 2009. An
Analysis of Forestry Carbon Sequestration as a Response to Climate
Change. Denmark: Copenhagen Consensus Center. Son, Y., Hwang, J.W., Kim,
Z.S., Lee, W.K. & Kim, J.S. 2001. Allometry and biomass of Korean
pine (Pinus koraiensis) in Central Korea. Bioresource
Technology 78: 251-255. Swaine, M.D. & Agyeman,
V.K. 2008. Enhanced tree recruitment following logging in two forest
reserves in Ghana. Biotropica 40: 370-374. Tadaki, Y. 1977. Aboveground
and total biomass. In Primary Productivity of Japanese Forest:
Productivity of Terrestrial Communities edited by Shidei, T.
& Kira, T. Tokyo: University of Tokyo Press. pp. 53-63. UNFCCC (United Nations
Framework Convention on Climate Change) 2008. Report of the Conference
of the Parties on its Thirteenth Session, held in Bali from 3 to
15 December 2007. Addendum, Part 2. Document FCCC/CP/2007/6/Add.1.
Bonn: UNFCCC. Van Breugel, M., Ransijn,
J., Craven, D., Bongers, F. & Hall, J.S. 2011. Estimating carbon
stock in secondary forests: Decisions and uncertainties associated
with allometric biomass models. Forest Ecology and Management
262: 1648-1657. Whitmore, T.C. 1984. Tropical
Rain Forest of the Far East. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Yusuf, H. & Abas, S.
1992. Planting indigenous tree species to rehabilitate degraded
forest lands: The Bintulu project. In Proceedings of a National
Seminar on Indigenous Species for Forest Plantation 23-24 April,
1992, Universiti Pertanian Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, edited
by Ahmad, S.S., Razali, A.K., Mohd Shahwahid, O., Aminuddin, M.,
Faridah, H.I. & Mohd Hamami, S. Serdang: Universiti Putra Malaysia.
pp. 36-44.
*Pengarang untuk surat-menyurat; email: roland@btu.upm.edu.my
|
|||
|
