Sains Malaysiana 43(10)(2014):
1515–1521
Antioxidant,
Anticancer and Antimicrobial Activities of
Methanolic
Extracts from Enicosanthellum pulchrum (King) Heusden
(Aktiviti Antioksidan, Antikanser dan Antimikrobial Ekstrak
Kasar Enicosanthellum pulchrum (King) Heusden)
NORAZIAH NORDIN1*, SYAM MOHAN1, NAJIHAH MOHD. HASHIM1, ASDREN ZAJMI1, NOOR SHAFIFIYAZ MOHD. YAZID1,
MASHITOH ABDUL RAHMAN1, FATIMA ABDELMUTAAL AHMED OMER1, HANITA OMAR2,3, FATIMAH A’FIFAH ALIAS2 & HAPIPAH MOHD. ALI2
1Department of Pharmacy,
Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
2Department of
Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya
50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
3Centre for Foundation
Studies in Sciences, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur
Malaysia
Diserahkan: 20 Ogos 2013/Diterima: 3 Mac 2014
ABSTRACT
Biological activities of crude methanolic extracts from leaves,
barks, twigs and roots of Enicosanthellum
pulchrum were investigated in four bioassays. The antioxidant, 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl
(DPPH)
scavenging assay showed that bark and twig extracts showed high inhibitory
activity with 60 and 56% inhibition at 1 mg/mL and IC50 values of 0.43 ± 0.04
and 0.64 ± 0.05 mg/mL, respectively. The bark and root extracts showed greater
reducing power (FRAP) than several standard drugs used in the
bioassay. Methanolic extracts of leaves, twigs and roots displayed strong
cytotoxicity to breast cancer cell line (MCF-7), myelomonocytic leukaemia cell line (WEHI-3)
and ovarian cancer cell line (CAOV-3); the IC50 of the leaf extract
were 7.8 ± 0.85 μg/mL (MCF-7) and 9.0 ± 0.13 μg/mL (WEHI-3),
while those for the twig and root extracts were 13.9 ± 0.35 and 7.3 ± 0.98
μg/mL (CAOV-3),
respectively. In the antimicrobial assays, the extracts were tested against ten
bacterial strains and two fungal strains. Bark and twig extracts displayed high
inhibitory activity to Bacillus subtilis with 13.3 ± 0.57 and 12.0 ±
0.01 mm inhibition, respectively. In addition, the twig extract displayed
better minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC)
compared with the bark extract (MIC 0.5 and 1.0 mg/mL, MBC 1.0 and 2.0 mg/mL,
respectively). For antifungal activity, all extracts showed inhibition on Candida
albicans but not on Aspergillus niger. The
obtained results suggested that this plant may possibly contain bioactive
compounds in the active extracts.
Keywords: Anticancer; antimicrobial; antioxidant; Enicosanthellum pulchrum; methanolic extracts
ABSTRAK
Aktiviti biologi Enicosanthellum pulchrum bagi ekstrak kasar metanol daun,
kulit, batang dan akar telah dikaji terhadap empat bioasai. Asai skaveng
antioksidan, 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) mendedahkan bahawa
ekstrak kulit dan batang menunjukkan aktiviti perencatan yang tinggi dengan
perencatan sebanyak 60 dan 56% pada kepekatan 1 mg/mL, manakala nilai IC50 masing-masing
adalah 0.43 ± 0.04 dan 0.64 ± 0.05 mg/mL. Ekstrak kulit dan
akar menunjukkan kuasa pengurangan yang lebih besar (FRAP) berbanding dadah
kawalan yang digunakan dalam bioasai ini. Ekstrak metanol daun, batang
dan akar memaparkan sitotoksisiti yang kuat terhadap titisan sel kanser
payudara (MCF-7),
leukimia milomonositik (WEHI-3) dan kanser ovari (CAOV-3); nilai IC50 bagi
ekstrak daun 7.8 ± 0.85 μg/mL (MCF-7), manakala ekstrak batang dan akar
masing-masing adalah 13.9 ± 0.35 dan 7.3 ± 0.98 μg/mL (CAOV-3). Bagi asai
antimikrob, ekstrak diuji terhadap sepuluh strain bakteria dan dua strain
fungus. Ekstrak kulit dan batang memaparkan aktiviti perencatan yang tinggi
terhadap bakteria bacillus subtilis dengan perencatan masing-masing
sebanyak 13.3 ± 0.57 dan 12.0 ± 0.01 mm. Bacaan bagi kepekatan perencatan
minimum (MIC)
dan kepekatan bakterisidal minimum (MBC) bagi kedua-dua ekstrak menunjukkan
ekstrak batang memberikan bacaan MIC dan MBC yang lebih baik berbanding ekstrak kulit
dengan bacaan masing-masing sebanyak (MIC 0.5 dan 1.0 mg/mL, MBC 1.0 dan 2.0 mg/mL).
Bagi aktiviti antifungus, semua ekstrak memberikan perencatan terhadap Candida
albicans dan tidak pada Aspergillus niger. Keputusan yang diperoleh mencadangkan bahawa tumbuhan ini
berkumungkinan mempunyai sebatian bioaktif daripada ekstrak aktif.
Kata kunci: Antikanser; antimikrob; antioksidan;
ekstrak metanol; Enicosanthellum pulchrum
RUJUKAN
Agosta, W.C. 1997. Medicine and drugs from
plants. J. Chem. Educ. 74: 857-860.
Ahmad, R., Ali, A.M.,
Israf, D.A., Ismail, N.H., Shaari, K. & Lajis, N. 2005. Antioxidant, radical-scavenging,
anti-inflammatory, cytotoxic and antibacterial activities of methanolic
extracts of some Hedyotis species. Life Sciences 76(17):
1953-1964.
Benzine, I.F.F. 1999. Ferric reducing/antioxidant power assay: Direct
measure of total antioxidant activity of biological fluids and modified version
for simultaneous measurement of total antioxidant power and ascorbic acid
concentration. Method Enzymol. 299: 15-27.
Brem, B., Seger, C.,
Pacher, T., Hartl, M., Hadacek, F., Hofer, O., Vajrodaya, S. & Greger, H.
2004. Antioxidant
dehydrotocopherols as a new chemical character of Stemona species. Phytochemistry 65: 2719-2729.
Burkill, I.H. 1966. A
Dictionary of Economic Products of the Malay Peninsular. Kuala
Lumpur: Ministry of Agriculture & Cooperatives.
Cheah, S.C., Appleton,
D.R., Lee, S.T., Lam, M.L., A. Hadi A. Hamid & Mustafa, M.R. 2011. Panduratin A inhibits the growth of A549 cells
through induction of apoptosis and inhibition of NF-Kappa B translocation. Molecules 16: 2583-2598.
David, M.J. 1989. Revision of Disepalum (Annonaceae). Brittonia 41: 359-378.
Duke, J.A. 2000. Database
of Biologically Active Phytochemicals and Their Activities. Boca
Raton: CRC Press.
Eloff, J.N. 1998. A sensitive and quick
microplate to determine the minimal inhibitory concentration of plant extracts
for bacteria. Planta Med. 64(8): 711-713.
Fergusion, L.R., Philpott, M. &
Karunasinghe, N. 2006. Oxidative DNA damage and repair: significant and
biomarkers. J. Nutr. 136(10): 2687S-2689S.
Hostettmann, K., Wolfender, J.L. &
Rodriguez, S. 1997. Rapid detection and subsequent isolation of bioactive
constituents of crude plants extracts. Planta Med. 63: 2-10.
Huang, M., Gao, H., Chen, Y., Zhu, H., Cai, Y.,
Zhang, X., Miao, Z., Jiang, H., Zhang, J., Shen, H., Lin, L., Lu, W. &
Ding, J. 2007. Chimmitecan, a novel 9-substituted
camptothecin, with improved anticancer pharmacologic profiles in vitro and in vivo. Clinical Cancer Research 13(4): 1298-1307.
Jantan, I. 2008. Penyelidikan Ubatan Herba. In Penemuan
& Pembangunan Dadah dan Produk Herba: Penyelidikan Tumbuhan Ubatan, edited
by Jantan I. Bangi: Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia. pp. 32-33.
Joray, M.B., del Rollán, M.R., Ruiz, G.M.,
Palacios, S.M. & Carpinella, M.C. 2011. Antibacterial
activity of extracts from plants of central Argentina-isolation of an active
principle from Achyrocline satureioides. Planta Med. 77(1):
95-100.
Kaushik, P. & Goyal, P. 2011. Evaluation of
various crude extracts of Zingiber officinale rhizome for potential
antibacterial activity: A study in vitro. Advances in Microbiology 1:
7-12.
Kirmizibekmez, H., Bassarello, C.,
Piacente, S., Celep, E., Atay, I., Mercanoğlu, G. & Yeşilada, E.
2009. Phenolic compounds from Hypericum calycinum and their
antioxidant activity. Nat. Prod. Commun. 4(4): 531-534.
Lavault, M., Guinaudeau, H., Bruneton,
J., Sevenet, T. & A. Hadi, H. 1990. (-)-Thaipetaline, a tetrahydroproto berberine from a Malayan Annonaceae. Phytochemistry 29(12): 3845-3847.
Lee, J.H., Lee, B.W., Kim, B., Kim, H.T., Ko, J.M., Baek,
I-Y., Seo, W.T., Kang, Y.M. & Cho, K.M. 2013. Changes in phenolic compounds (isoflavones and phenolic acids) and
antioxidant properties in high-protein soybean (Glycine max L., cv.
Saedanbaek) for different roasting conditions. Journal of the Korean
Society for Applied Biological Chemistry 56(5): 605-612.
Li, W., Shao, Y., Hu, L., Zhang, X.,
Chen, Y., Tong, L., Li, C., Shen, X. & Ding, J. 2007. BM6, a new semi-synthetic Vinca alkaloid, exhibits its
potent in vivo anti-tumor activities via its high binding affnity for
tubulin and improved pharmacokinetic profiles. Cancer Biology and Therapy 6(5):
787-794.
Lin, J., Opaku, A.R., Geheeb-Keller,
M., Hutchings, A.D., Terblanche, S.E., Jäger, A.K. & van Staden, J. 1999. Preliminary screening of some traditional
Zulu medicinal plants for anti-inflammatory and anti-microbial activities. J. Ethnopharmacol. 68: 267-274.
Lu, J.J., Bao, J.L., Chen, X.P., Huang,
M. & Wang, Y.T. 2012. Alkaloid
isolated from natural herbs as the anticancer agents. Evid-Based Compl. Alt.
Med. 2012: 485042.
Mackeen, M.M., Ali, A.M., Lajis, N.,
Kawazu, K., Kikuzaki, H. & Nakatani, N. 2002. Antifungal garcinia acid esters from the
fruits of Garcinia atroviridis. Naturforsh 57(3-4):
291-295.
Mat Ali, R., Shaari, K., Aznie, A.A.
& Mustafa, N.M. 2004. Anti-inflammatory agents from Sandoricum koetjape Merr. Phytomedicine 11(2-3): 261-263.
Mbaebie, B.O., Edeoga, H.O. & Afolayan, A.J. 2012.
Phytochemical analysis and antioxidants activities of aqueous stem bark extract
of Schotia latifolia Jacq. Asian Pac. J. Trop. Med. 2(2):
118-124.
Mewari, N. & Kumar, P. 2008. Antimicrobial
activity of extracts of Marchantia polymorpha. Pharm. Bio. 46(10-11):
819-822.
Ng, F.S.P., Low, C.M. & Sanah,
M.A.N. 1990. Endemic Trees of
the Malay Peninsula. Kuala Lumpur: Forestry Department.
Nik Rahman, N.N., Furuta, T., Kojima,
S., Takane, K. & Mohd, M.A. 1999. Antimalaria activity of the extracts of Malaysian medicinal plants. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 64(3): 249-254.
Nordin, N., Jalil, J., Jantan, I. & Murad, S. 2012. Platelet-activating factor (PAF) receptor binding activity of the
roots of Enicosanthellum pulchrum. Pharmaceutical Biology 50(3):
284-290.
Orhan, I., Kartal, M., Naz, Q., Ejaz,
A., Yilmaz, G., Kan, Y., Konuklugil, B., Şener, B. & Iqbal Choudhary,
M. 2007. Antioxidant and anticholinesterase
evaluation of selected Turkish Salvia species. Food Chem. 103:
1247-1254.
Rathee, P., Chaudhary, H., Rathee, S., Rathee, D., Kumar, V.
& Kohli, K. 2009. Mechanism of action of flavonoids as anti-inflammatory
agents: A review. Inflamm. Allergy Drug-Target 8(3): 229-235.
Sthrol, W. 2000. The role of natural products in a modern
drug discovery program. Drug Discov. Today 5: 39-41.
Yeh, Y.T., Huang, J.C., Kuo, P.L. & Chen, C.Y. 2011. Bioactive constituent from Michelia champaca. Natural
Product Communications 6(9): 1251-1252.
*Pengarang
untuk surat-menyurat; email: aziereality@yahoo.com
|