Sains Malaysiana 43(5)(2014):
783–790
Effect of Calcination Temperatures of CaO/Nb2O5 Mixed
Oxides Catalysts on
Biodiesel Production
(Kesan Suhu Pengkalsinan Oksida Campuran CaO/Nb2O5 ke atas Penghasilan
Biodiesel)
Y.C. WONG1, Y.P. TAN*2, Y.H. TAUFIQ-YAP2& I.
RAMLI1
1Centre of Excellence for Catalysis Science and Technology,
Universiti Putra Malaysia
43400 Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
2Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra
Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
Diserahkan: 27 Disember 2012/Diterima: 26 Ogos 2013
ABSTRACT
Calcination temperature greatly influences the total basicity and
surface area of catalysts. Investigations were conducted on calcium and niobium
(CaO-Nb2O5)
mixed oxides catalysts prepared via conventional solid state method (oxides
were mixed and ground in agate mortar) and calcined at different temperatures
ranging from 300-800oC for 5 h. The catalysts were then
characterized by using X-ray diffraction (XRD), CO2 temperature-programmed
desorption (TPD-CO2),
Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area analyzer and scanning
electron microscope (SEM). The formation of Ca(OH)2 and CaCO3 at lower calcination
temperatures (< 600oC) reduced the surface area of the catalyst
and masked the basic active sites, hence lowered the total basicity of the
catalyst. Besides, low surface area and total basicity were observed at higher
calcination temperatures (> 600oC), due to sintering of the fine
crystals, which promotes cluster agglomeration. Thus, the optimum calcination
temperature for CaO/Nb2O5 mixed oxides was 600oC,
which produced the largest surface area (7 m2/g) and total basicity
(1301 μmol/g). The biodiesel was produced via
transesterification of palm oil, methanol and the catalysts calcined at various
temperatures. CaO/Nb2O5 mixed oxide calcined at
600oC
showed the highest biodiesel conversion (98%) with methanol/oil molar ratio of
12, 3 wt.% of catalyst, a reaction temperature of 65oC and reaction
time of 2 h.
Keywords: Biodiesel; calcium oxide; niobium oxide; palm oil;
transesterification
ABSTRAK
Suhu pengkalsinan mempengaruhi jumlah luas permukaan dan jumlah
kebesan pemangkin. Kajian ini telah dilakukan ke atas campuran oksida CaO/Nb2O5 yang
disediakan dengan menggunakan kaedah konvensional keadaan pepejal (oksida
dicampur dan dikisar dalam mortar batu akik) dan dikalsin pada julat suhu
daripada 300-800oC selama 5 jam. Pencirian pemangkin telah dilakukan
dengan menggunakan kaedah pembelauan sinar-X (XRD), mikroskop imbasan
elekron (SEM), TPD-CO2 dan
analisis Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET). Pada suhu pengkalsinan yang lebih rendah
(< 600oC),
pembentukan Ca(OH)2 dan CaCO3 akan menyebabkan jumlah
luas permukaan pemangkin berkurang. Selain itu, suhu pengkalsinan yang lebih
tinggi (> 600oC) menyebabkan kekurangan dalam jumlah
luas permukaan dan jumlah kebesan pemangkin kerana suhu pengkalsinan yang
tinggi akan menyebabkan taburan pemangkin halus menjadi kelompok. Suhu
pengkalsinan optimum bagi campuran oksida CaO/Nb2O5 adalah 600oC
dengan jumlah luas permukaan (7 m2/g) dan jumlah kebesan (1301
μmol/g). Biodiesel dihasilkan melalui transesterifikasi minyak sawit,
metanol dan pemangkin yang dikalsin pada pelbagai suhu. Campuran oksida CaO/Nb2O5 yang
dikalsin pada suhu 600oC menunjukkan hasil biodiesel yang
paling tinggi, 98% dengan nisbah metanol/ minyak kelapa sawit 12, pemangkin 3
%bt, suhu tindak balas 65oC dan masa tindak balas selama 2 jam.
Kata kunci: Biodiesel; kalsium oksida; minyak
sawit; niobium oksida; transesterifikasi
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*Pengarang
untuk surat-menyurat; email: yptan@upm.edu.my
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