Sains Malaysiana 44(8)(2015): 1137–1143

 

Aloe Emodin Induces Apoptosis in ER+-breast Cancer Cells; MCF-7 through IGF-1R Signalling Pathway

(Aloe Emodin Mengaruh Apoptosis dalam Sel Kanser Payu Dara ER+; MCF-7 melalui Tapak Jalan Pengisyaratan IGF-1R)

 

INDAH MOHD AMIN1,5, ROZIANA KAMALUDIN1, SWEE KEONG YEAP7, MOHAMAD

RODI ISA4, NIK MOHD MAZUAN NIK MOHD ROSDY6, ROSFAIIZAH SIRAN3, SITI HAMIMAH SHEIKH ABDUL KADIR1,2 & NARIMAH ABDUL HAMID HASANI2*

 

1Institute for Medical Molecular Biotechnology (IMMB), Faculty of Medicine, Sungai Buloh Campus

Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Jalan Hospital, 47000 Sungai Buloh, Selangor Darul Ehsan

Malaysia

 

2Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Sungai Buloh Campus

Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Jalan Hospital, 47000 Sungai Buloh, Selangor Darul Ehsan

Malaysia

3Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Sungai Buloh Campus, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Jalan Hospital, 47000 Sungai Buloh, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia

 

4Population Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Sungai Buloh Campus

Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Jalan Hospital, 47000 Sungai Buloh, Selangor Darul Ehsan

Malaysia

 

5Centre of Preclinical Sciences Studies, Faculty of Dentistry, Sungai Buloh Campus, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Jalan Hospital, 47000 Sungai Buloh, Selangor Darul Ehsan

Malaysia

 

6Centre of Oral and Maxillofacial Diagnostic and Medicine Studies, Faculty of Dentistry,

Sungai Buloh Campus, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Jalan Hospital, 47000 Sungai Buloh, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia

 

7Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan

Malaysia

 

Diserahkan: 16 September 2014/Diterima: 6 April 2015

 

ABSTRACT

 

Two-third of breast cancer patients expressed estrogen receptors (ER)s and received endocrine treatment with established anti-estrogens such as tamoxifen. But the action and acquired resistance during treatment are largely unknown. In contrary, phytochemicals are more selective and less cytotoxic to normal cells. Accordingly, we found aloe emodin, an anthraquinone to inhibit the proliferation of ER+-breast cancer cells, MCF-7 with IC50 of 80μM, but not affecting control breast cells, MCF-10A. Tamoxifen was non-selective to both cells with IC50 of 27 μM and 38 μM, respectively. Thus, we aimed to investigate the anti-proliferative mechanism of aloe emodin on MCF-7 and its underlying signalling compared to tamoxifen. Cells were treated separately with aloe emodin and tamoxifen at respective IC50 for 72 h. Apoptosis was determined using Annexin V-FITC/PI staining. The expression of insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF-1R), insulin-like growth factor binding protein (IGFBP)-2 and B-raf gene was investigated using QuantiGene 2.0 Plex assay. Paired-student t-test and ANOVA test were used to compare between untreated and treated cells on the measured parameters. Each treatment was conducted in triplicate and repeated three times. Significance was set at p<0.05. The presences of early and late apoptosis in MCF-7 were seen in both treatments. All target genes were down regulated. The anti-proliferation effect of aloe emodin on MCF-7 is similar with tamoxifen which mediates inhibition of IGF-1R signalling pathway. This suggests aloe emodin as a potential anti-cancer agent to be used in combined anti-estrogen therapy to enhance its efficacy in ER+-breast cancer treatment.

 

Keywords: Aloe emodin; apoptosis; IGF-1R; MCF-7

 

ABSTRAK

Dua-pertiga pesakit kanser payu dara mengekspresi reseptor estrogen (RE) dan menerima rawatan endokrin dengan anti-estrogen seperti tamoksifen. Tetapi, tindakan dan kerentanan perolehan terhadap rawatan ini masih belum difahami. Sebaliknya, fito-kimia didapati lebih selektif dan kurang memberi kesan toksik kepada sel normal. Selanjutnya, kajian kami mendapati aloe emodin, sejenis antrakuinon berjaya merencat proliferasi sel kanser payu dara ER+, MCF-7 dengan IC50 80μM, tanpa memberi kesan toksik kepada sel payu dara normal, MCF-10A. Sebaliknya, tamoksifen adalah tidak selektif kepada kedua-dua sel dengan IC50 masing-masing 27 dan 38 μM. Oleh itu, penyelidikan ini dijalankan untuk mengkaji mekanisme anti-proliferasi dan laluan pengisyaratan transduksi aloe emodin terhadap MCF-7 berbanding dengan tamoksifen. Sel diaruhkan dengan aloe emodin dan tamoksifen secara berasingan pada IC50 selama 72 jam. Apoptosis ditentukan dengan ujian Annexin V-FITC/PI pewarnaan. Pengekspresan gen-gen faktor tumbesaran-1 reseptor (IGF-1R) seperti-insulin, faktor tumbesaran pengikat protein (IGFBP)-2 seperti-insulin dan B-raf ditentukan menggunakan asai Plex QuantiGene 2.0. Ujian-T pelajar-berpasangan dan ANOVA digunakan untuk membandingkan antara parameter sel teraruh dan kawalan. Setiap perlakuan dijalankan sebanyak tiga kali dan diulang tiga kali. Tahap signifikan ditetapkan pada p<0.05. Tanda-tanda awal dan akhir apoptosis di MCF-7 diperhatikan pada kedua-dua aruhan. Ketiga-tiga gen diekspreskan kurang daripada paras normal. Kesan anti-proliferasi aloe emodin terhadap MCF-7 adalah bersamaan dengan tamoksifen iaitu melalui perencatan tapak jalan pengisyaratan tranduksi IGF-1R. Kajian ini mencadangkan aloe emodin berpotensi sebagai agen anti-kanser yang boleh digunakan sebagai rawatan gabungan dengan terapi anti-estrogen yang sedia ada, bertujuan untuk meningkatkan efikasi rawatan tersebut.

 

Kata kunci: Aloe emodin; apoptosis; IGF-1R; MCF-7

RUJUKAN

Amin, I.M., Kadir, S.H.S.A., Rosdy, N.M.M.N.M., Siran, R. & Hasani, N.A.H. 2013. Anti-cancer effect of aloe emodin on breast cancer cells, MCF-7. In Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Systems Biology, IEEE Xplore Press, China. pp. 103-108.

Ariffin, S.N.F.A. 2013. Branched DNA: A novel technique for molecular diagnostics. Research Updates in Medical Sciences 1(1): 27-29.

Campbell, M.J., Woodside, J.V., Secker-Walker, J., Titcomb, A. & Leathem, A.J.C. 2001. IGF status is altered by tamoxifen in patients with breast cancer. Mol. Pathol. 54(5): 307-310.

Chan, T.W., Pollak, M. & Huynh, H. 2001. Inhibition of insulin-like growth factor signaling pathways in mammary gland by pure antiestrogen ICI 182,780. Clin. Cancer Res. 7: 2545-2554.

Dahlui, M., Ramli, S. & Bulgiba, A.M. 2011. Breast cancer prevention and control programs in Malaysia. Asian Pacific J. Cancer Prev. 12: 1-4.

Dorssers, L.C., Van der Flier, S., Brinkman, A., van Agthoven, T., Veldscholte, J., Berns, E.M., Klijn, J.G., Beex, L.V. & Foekens, J.A. 2001. Tamoxifen resistance in breast cancer. Drugs 61(12): 1721-1733.

Felice, D.L., El-Shennawy, L., Zhao, S., Lantvit, D.L., Shen, Q., Unterman, T.G., Swanson, S.M. & Frasor, J. 2013. Growth hormone potentiates 17β-estradiol-dependent breast cancer cell proliferation independently of IGF-I receptor signaling. Endocrinology 154(9): 3219-3227.

Foulstone, E.J., Zeng, L., Perks, C.M. & Holly, J.M.P. 2013. Insulin-like growth factor binding protein 2 (IGFBP-2) promotes growth and survival of breast epithelial cells: Novel regulation of the estrogen receptor. Endocrinology 154(5): 1780-1793.

Holderfield, M., Merritt, H., Chan, J., Wallroth, M., Tandeske, L., Zhai, H., Tellew, J., Hardy, S., Hekmat-Nejad, M., Stuart, D.D., McCormick, F. & Nagel, T.E. 2013. RAF inhibitors activate the MAPK pathway by relieving in hibitory autophosphorylation. Cancer Cell 23(5): 594-602.

Jalili, A., Wagner, C., Pashenkov, M., Widlund, H.R., Lupien, M., Brunet, J.P., Golub, T.R., Stingl, G., Fisher, D.E., Ramaswamy, S. & Wagner, S.N. 2012. Dual suppression of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors CDKN2C and CDKN1A in human melanoma. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 104(21): 1673-1679.

Juncker-Jensen, A., Lykkesfeldt, A.E., Worm, J., Ralfkiær, U., Espelund, U. & Jepsen, J.S. 2006. Insulin-like growth factor binding protein 2 is a marker for antiestrogen resistant human breast cancer cell lines but is not a major growth regulator. Growth Horm. IGF Res. 16(4): 224-239.

Law, J.H., Habibi, G., Hu, K., Masoudi, H., Wang, M.Y., Stratford, A.L., Finlay, P., Jones, H.E., Nicholson, R.I., Carboni, J., Gottardis, M., Pollak, M. & Dunn, S.E. 2008. Phosphorylated insulin-like growth factor-I/insulin receptor is present in all breast cancer subtypes and is related to poor survival. Cancer Res. 68: 10238-10246.

Lin, J.G., Chen, G.W., Li, T.M., Chouh, S.T., Tan, T.W. & Chung, J.G. 2006. Aloe-emodin induces apoptosis in T24 human bladder cancer cells through the p53 dependent apoptotic pathway. J. Urol. 175(1): 343-347.

Lu, G.D., Shen, H.M., Chung, M.C.M. & Ong, C.N. 2007. Critical role of oxidative stress and sustained JNK activation in aloe-emodin-mediated apoptotic cell death in human hepatoma cells. Carcinogenesis 28(9): 1937-1945.

Massarweh, S., Osborne, C.K., Creighton, C.J., Qin, L., Tsimelzon, A., Huang, S., Weiss, H., Rimawi, M. & Schiff, R. 2008. Tamoxifen resistance in breast tumors is driven by growth factor receptor signaling with repression of classic estrogen receptor genomic function. Cancer Res. 68: 826-833.

Ring, A. & Dowsett, M. 2004. Mechanisms of tamoxifen resistance. Endocr. Relat. Cancer 11(4): 643-658.

Sachdev, D., Zhang, X., Matise, I., Gaillard-Kelly, M. & Yee, D. 2010. The type I insulin-like growth factor receptor regulates cancer metastasis independently of primary tumor growth by promoting invasion and survival. Oncogene 29: 251-262.

So, A.I., Levitt, R.J., Eigl, B., Fazli, L., Leung, S., Nielsen, T.O., Gleave, M. & Pollak, M. 2008. Insulin-like growth factor binding protein-2 is a novel therapeutic target associated with breast cancer. Clin. Cancer Res. 14(21): 6944-6954.

Stones, C.J., Kim, J.E., Joseph, W.R., Leung, E., Marshall, E.S., Finlay, G.J., Shelling, A.N. & Baguley, B.C. 2013. Comparison of responses of human melanoma cell lines to MEK and BRAF inhibitors. Front Genet. 4(66): 1-6.

Suboj, P., Babykutty, S., Srinivas, P. & Gopala, S. 2012. Aloe emodin induces G2/M cell cycle arrest and apoptosis via activation of caspase-6 in human colon cancer cells. Pharmacology 89(1-2): 91-98.

Surmacz, E. 2000. Function of the IGF-I receptor in breast cancer. J. Mammary Gland Biol. Neoplasia 5(1): 95-105.

Yu, Z., Gao, W., Jiang, E., Lu, F., Zhang, L., Shi, Z., Wang, X. & Lv, T. 2013. Interaction between IGF-IR and ER induced by E2 and IGF-I. PLoS ONE 8(5): 1-7.

Zhang, Y., Moerkensm, M., Ramaiahgari, S., de Bont, H., Price, L., Meerman, J. & van de Water, B. 2011. Elevated insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor signaling induces antiestrogen resistance through the MAPK/ERK and PI3K/Akt signaling routes. Breast Cancer Res. 13(3): 1-16.

 

 

*Pengarang untuk surat-menyurat; email: drnarimah@salam.uitm.edu.my

 

 

 

sebelumnya